Cilicia, conquered by Nicephorus Phocas, 230; lost to the Turks, 236; reconquered by the Comneni, 270 Column, of the Hippodrome, 25; of Constantine, 25 Commerce, centralization of, at Constantinople, 224, 225; decline of, under the Comneni, 267; effects of Fourth Crusade on, 310 Comnena, Anna, writes her father’s life, 264 Comnenus, _see under_ Alexius, John, Andronicus, Manuel, David, Isaac Conrad of Montserrat defeats Branas, 277 Constans II., reign of, 166; wars of with the Saracens, 167; murdered, 169 Constantine I., besieges Byzantium, 12; master of the world, 14; seeks a capital, 16; founds Constantinople, 18 Constantine III., defeated by the Saracens, 164; short reign of, 165 Constantine IV. (Pogonatus), wars of with the Saracens, 170; defeats Moawiah, 171; holds the Council of Constantinople, 172 Constantine V. (Copronymus), wars of, 196; persecutes the Image-worshippers, 197 Constantine VI., reign of, 198; blinded by his mother, 198 Constantine VII. (Porphyrogenitus), reign of, 216, 217; literary works of, 220, 221 Constantine VIII., reign of, 245 Constantine IX. (Monomachus), reign of, 247 Constantine X. (Ducas), reign of, 250, 251 Constantine XI. (Paleologus), accession of, 343; attacked by the Turks, 344; last hours of, 347; death of, 348 Constantinople founded by Constantine, 18; topography of, 19-29; besieged by the Goths, 41; street fighting in, 51; besieged by Avars and Persians, 136, 137; besieged for the first time by the Saracens, 170; besieged for the second time by the Saracens, 185, 186; besieged by Bulgarians, 205; commercial importance of, 224; riots in, 247; the Crusaders at, 264; taken by the Franks and Venetians, 284; stormed and sacked a second time, 287, 288; devastation of, by the Latins, 291; besieged by John Ducas, 301; recovered by the Greeks, 305; taken by John Paleologus, 329; besieged by Murad II., 337; last siege of, 346; taken by the Turks, 348 Corippus, poem of, 144 Council of Constantinople, under Constantine IV., 172; under Constantine V., 197; under Leo V., 206 Council of Florence, John VI. at, 341 Courtenay, house of at Constantinople, 300, 301 Crete, conquered by the Saracens, 208; recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, 228; taken by the Venetians, 292 Cross, the Holy, captured by the Persians, 132; recovered by Heraclius, 139; removed to Constantinople, 163 Crumn, king of Bulgaria, defeats Nicephorus I., 203; besieges Constantinople, 205 Crusaders, their dealings with Alexius I., 263, 264; enter Syria, 265; of the Fourth Crusade, 279; conquer Constantinople, 288 Ctesiphon, Heraclius at, 138 Cyprus, monks banished to, 197; recovered by Nicephorus Phocas, 230; seized by Isaac Comnenus, 277; taken by Richard I. of England, 278 Damascus, taken by the Persians, 131; taken by the Saracens, 163 Dandolo, Henry, doge of Venice, 280, 281; at the storm of Constantinople, 284, 288