Patzinak Tartars, the, 237; wars of with Alexius I., 262 Pavia, taken by the Lombards, 116 Persian Empire destroyed by the Arabs, 164 Persian Wars under Julian, 32; under Justinian, 71, 99; under Maurice, 121; under Phocas and Heraclius, 130-36 Peter, general under Nicephorus Phocas, 231 Philip of Macedon, attacks Byzantium, 7 Philip of Swabia, helps Alexius Angelus the younger, 279-8 Philippicus, usurpation and fall of, 180-1 Phocas, emperor, his usurpation, 127; cruelty of, 129; slain, 130 Phocas, Bardas, rebels against John Zimisces, 233; against Basil II., 241 Phocas, Nicephorus, reign of, 228-30; wars of, 231; murdered, 233 Photius, patriarch, his learning, 221 Plague, the great of A.D. 542, 101 Popes, rise of the power of, 120; estranged from the empire, 196; call in the Franks, 199 Priscus, general of Maurice, 126 Prusa, taken by the Turks, 323; sacked by the Mongols, 334 Pulcheria, Empress, with her brother Theodosius II., 55; marries Marcianus, 59 Pelekanon, battle of, 323 Polyeuktus, patriarch, 230 Ravenna, taken by Belisarius, 91; exarchate of, 119; occupied by the Lombards, 196 Rhangabe, Michael, short reign of, 204 Rhazates, general, slain by Heraclius, 137 Richard Coeur de Leon, conquers Cyprus, 278 Robert Guiscard, wars of with Alexius I., 259-60; final repulse of, 261 Roger de Flor, hired by Andronicus II., 317; conquests of, 318; assassinated, 318 Romanus I. (Lecapenus), long regency of, 217 Romanus II, short reign of, 228-9 Romanus III. (Argyrus), married to Zoe, 245; dies, 246 Romanus IV. (Diogenes), reign of, 251; defeated by Turks, 254; dies, 256 Rome, taken by Belisarius, 89; besieged by the Goths, 90; taken by Baduila, 94; Gregory the Great at, 120; Constans II. at, 169; Charles the Great at, 199 Ruric, founds the Russian kingdom, 234 Russians, early invasions of, 216; attack Bulgaria, 234; defeated by John Zimisces, 237; converted to Christianity, 239 Sabatius, father of Justinian, 65 Samuel, king of Bulgaria, 241; wars and death of, 242 Saoudji, rebels against Murad I., 333 Sapor, king of Persia, 32 Saracens, the, converted by Mahomet, 159; invade Syria, 160-2; conquer Egypt, 166; conquer Persia, 164; civil wars of the, 166; for later history, _see under_ names of the Caliphs Sardis, taken by Alexius I., 265 Scholarian Guards, the, 104 Seljouk Turks, conquer Persia and Armenia, 250-1; invade the empire, 252; conquer Asia Minor, 254; defeated by the Crusaders, 265; wars of with the Comneni, 265-7-72; with Theodore I., 298 Sergius, patriarch, 133 Senate House at Constantinople, 21 Servians, cross the Danube, 123; conquered by Basil II., 243; rebel against Michael IV., 246; conquered by Manuel I., 271; overrun Macedonia, 327; subdued by the Turks, 330 Severus, emperor, takes Byzantium, 9 Shahrbarz, the Persian, takes Jerusalem, 132; defeated by Heraclius, 135