The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 01 (of 10)Hickson, Sydney J. (Sydney John)
Science
The Cambridge natural history, Vol. 01 (of 10)
Hickson, Sydney J. (Sydney John)
Animals
The multiplication or repetition of organs that are usually single in each
individual is not unknown in other Hydrozoa. In the Medusa of the
Gymnoblast _Syncoryne_, usually known as _Sarsia_, for example, there is
sometimes a remarkable proliferation of the manubrium, and specimens have
been found with three or four long manubria attached by a tubular stalk to
the centre of the umbrella. Moreover, this complex of manubria may become
detached from the umbrella and live for a considerable time an independent
existence.[333]
If we regard the manubrium of a Medusa as an organ of the {298}animal's
body, it might be thought obvious that the phenomenon observed in the
Medusae of _Syncoryne_ is a case of a simple repetition of the parts of an
individual; but the power that the group of manubria possesses of leading
an independent existence renders its interpretation as a group of organs a
matter of some inconvenience. If we can conceive the idea that an organ may
become detached and lead an independent existence, there is no reason why
we should not regard the Medusa itself of _Syncoryne_ as an organ, and we
should be driven to the paradoxical conclusion that, as regards several
genera and families of Hydrozoa, we know nothing at present of the
individuals, but only of their free-swimming organs, and that in others the
individual has degenerated, although one of its organs remains.
There is, however, no convincing argument to support either the conception
that the Siphonophoran body is a colony of individuals, or that it is an
individual with disjointed organs. These two conceptions are sometimes
called the "Poly-person" and "Poly-organ" theories respectively. The
difficulty is caused by the impossibility of giving any satisfactory
definition in the case of the Hydrozoa of the biological terms "organ" and
"individual." In the higher animals, where the correlation of parts is far
more complex and essential than it is in Coelenterata, a defined limit to
the scope of these terms can be laid down, but in the lower animals the
conception of what is termed an organ merges into that which is called an
individual, and no definite boundary line between the two exists in Nature.
The difficulty is therefore a permanent one, and, in using the expression
"colony" for the Siphonophoran body, it must be understood that it is used
for convenience' sake rather than because it represents the only correct
conception of the organisation of these remarkable Coelenterates.
Regarding the Siphonophora as polymorphic colonies, then, the following
forms of zooids may be found.
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