_France._--The northern, central, and eastern districts belong to this sub-region, while the southern and western, in which an entirely new element occurs and many northern forms disappear, belong to the Mediterranean. Thus, for instance, _Helix pomatia_ L., _H. incarnata_ Müll., _H. fruticum_ Müll., _H. cantiana_ Mont., _H. strigella_ Drap., _H. rufescens_ Penn., _H. plebeia_ Drap., are not found in southern France. No detailed enumeration of species is at present possible, the efforts of a large number of the leading French authorities being directed to indiscriminate species-making rather than to the careful comparison of allied forms. Perhaps the principal difference between the Mollusca of northern France and those of our own islands is the occurrence of two species of _Pomatias_. In the more elevated districts of eastern France (the Vosges, Jura, western Alps), a certain number of species occur which are confined to the high grounds of south central Europe. Among these are _Helix holoserica_ Stud., _H. personata_ Lam., _H. bidens_ Chem., _H. depilata_ Drap., _H. cobresiana_ Alt., _H. alpina_ Faure. The Pleistocene deposits of the valley of the Somme tell the same tale as those of eastern England, containing as they do species and even genera whose northern range is now much more limited. The Eocene fossils from the Paris beds show most remarkable relationships to genera now existing in the West Indies and Central America. Others again indicate affinities with India. Thus we find _Ceres_, _Megalomastoma_, and _Tudora_ by the side of _Leptopoma_, _Faunus_, and _Paludomus_. _Germany._--The Mollusca of the plains of northern Germany are few and not striking, and exhibit little difference from those of our own islands. In the mountainous districts of the south and south-east, a number of new forms occur, amongst which are 3 species of _Daudebardia_, a remarkable carnivorous form, with the general appearance of a _Vitrina_; 24 of _Clausilia_, many _Pupa_, several _Buliminus_, 3 of the _Campylaea_ group of _Helix_, stragglers from the Italo-Dalmatian fauna, and 1 of _Zonites_ proper. Our familiar _Helix aspersa_ is entirely absent from Germany. There are only 4 land operculates--_Pomatias_ 2, _Acicula_ 1, _Cyclostoma_ 1, all of which occur exclusively in the south. _Bithynella_ and _Vitrella_, two minute forms of fresh-water operculates akin to _Hydrobia_, occur throughout the district. [Illustration: FIG. 193.--=A=, _Daudebardia brevipes_ Fér.: _sh_, shell; _p.o_, pulmonary orifice. (After Pfeiffer.) =B=, shell of _D. rufa_ Pfr., S. Germany.]