Leucochroa candidissima Drap. Hyalinia olivetorum Gmel. Zonites algirus L. Helix rangiana Desh. „ serpentina Fér. „ niciensis Fér. „ splendida Drap. „ vermiculata Müll. „ melanostoma Drap. „ aperta Born. „ ciliata Ven. „ explanata Müll. „ apicina Lam. „ cespitum Drap. „ Terverii Mich. „ pyramidata Drap. „ trochoides Poir. Ferussacia folliculus Gron. Rumina decollata L. Pupa megacheilos C. and J. Several species of fresh-water _Hydrobia_ (_Bithynella_) occur. The district, on the whole, unites certain characteristics derived from northern Italy with those of eastern Spain. (iii) The _Italo-Dalmatian_ district includes Italy and the neighbouring islands (Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Malta), and the regions at the head and north-eastern shores of the Adriatic (Carinthia, Carniola, Croatia, and Dalmatia), the line which separates these latter districts from the fauna of southern Austria, Bosnia, and Servia being very difficult to define. [Illustration: FIG. 196.--_Helix_ (_Pomatia_) _aperta_ L., S. France, showing epiphragm.] [Illustration: FIG. 197.--_Helix_ (_Campylaea_) _zonata_ Stud., Piedmont.] [Illustration: FIG. 198.--_Helix_ (_Iberus_) _strigata_ Müll., Florence.] _Italy_, with the neighbouring islands, has a rich molluscan fauna. In the sub-Alpine districts of northern Italy the prominent _Helix_ groups are _Campylaea_, _Pomatia_, and _Anchistoma_, which in the south are generally replaced by _Iberus_, which here attains its maximum development. Large _Hyalinia_ are abundant in the north, and _Pomatias_ and _Clausilia_ are frequent all along the Apennines. _Sicily_ has about 250 species, half of which are peculiar. Helices of the _Iberus_ type abound, but _Campylaea_ is reduced to two species. Many peculiar forms of _Clausilia_ occur, especially a latticed type of great beauty. _Ferussacia_ and _Pupa_ are well represented, and there are one each of _Glandina_ and _Daudebardia_. _Dalmatia_ and the adjacent districts are chiefly remarkable for the rich development of _Clausilia_, which here attains its maximum (nearly 100 species). The _Campylaea_ section of _Helix_ is represented by its handsomest forms, many of which are studded with short hairs. Here too is the headquarters of _Zonites_ proper, which stretches westward as far as Provence, and eastward to Asia Minor; and also of the single European _Glandina_, which has a similar eastward range, but spreads westward through Italy and Sicily to Algeria, not occurring in southern France. The land operculates are chiefly represented by _Pomatias_, and among the fresh-water operculates are a _Melania_ and a _Lithoglyphus_, the latter having probably spread from the basin of the Danube. [Illustration: FIG. 199.--=A=, _Clausilia crassicosta_ Ben., Sicily; =B=, _Clausilia macarana_ Zieg., Dalmatia; =B´=, clausilium of same.]