The native Papuans employ shells for an immense variety of purposes. Circlets for the head are formed of rows of _Nassa gibbosula_, rubbed down till little but the mouth remains. Necklaces are worn which consist of strings of _Oliva_, young _Avicula_, _Natica melanostoma_, opercula of _Turbo_, and valves of a rich brown species of _Cardium_, pendent at the end of strings of the seeds known as Job’s tears. _Struthiolaria_ is rubbed down until nothing but the mouth is left, and worn in strings round the neck. This is remarkable, since _Struthiolaria_ is not a native Papuan shell, and indeed occurs no nearer than New Zealand. Sections of _Melo_ are also worn as a breast ornament, dependent from a necklace of cornelian stones. _Cypraea erosa_ is used to ornament drinking bowls, and _Ovulum ovum_ is attached to the native drums, at the base of a bunch of cassowary feathers, as well as being fastened to the handle of a sago-beater. In the same island, the great _Turbo_ and _Conus millepunctatus_ are ground down to form bracelets, which are worn on the biceps. The crimson lip of _Strombus luhuanus_ is cut into beads and perforated for necklaces. Village elders are distinguished by a single _Ovulum verrucosum_, worn in the centre of the forehead. The thick lip of _Cassis cornuta_ is ground down to form nose pieces, 4½ inches long. Fragments of a shell called _Kaïma_ (probably valves of a large _Spondylus_) are worn suspended from the ears, with little wisps of hair twisted up and thrust through a hole in the centre. For trumpets, _Cassis cornuta_, _Triton tritonis_, and _Ranella lampas_ are used, with a hole drilled as a mouthpiece in one of the upper whorls. Valves of _Batissa_, _Unio_, and _Mytilus_ are used as knives for peeling yams. Spoons for scooping the white from the cocoa-nut are made from _Avicula margaritifera_. _Melo diadema_ is used as a baler in the canoes.[207] In the Sandwich Islands _Melampus luteus_ is worn as a necklace, as well as in the Navigator Islands. A very striking necklace, in the latter group, is formed of the apices of a _Nautilus_, rubbed down to show the nacre. The New Zealanders use the green opercula of a Turbo, a small species of _Venus_, and _Cypraea asellus_ to form the eyes of their idols. Fish-hooks are made throughout the Pacific of the shells of _Avicula_ and _Haliotis_, and are sometimes strengthened by a backing made of the columella of _Cypraea arabica_. Small axe-heads are made from _Terebra crenulata_ ground down (Woodlark I.), and larger forms are fashioned from the giant _Tridacna_ (Fiji). Shells are used to ornament the elaborate cloaks worn by the women of rank in the Indian tribes of South America. Specimens of _Ampullaria_, _Orthalicus_, _Labyrinthus_, and _Bulimulus_ depend from the bottom and back of these garments, while great _Bulimi_, 6 inches long, are worn as a breast ornament, and at the end of a string of beads and teeth.[208]