2. Toothless. Bufoniformes. Stannius, 1856 (see p. 8), separated the Engystomatidae as "Systomata," and used the presence or absence of the "manubrium sterni" (omosternum) as a character of distinction between his Bufoninae and Raninae. {140}Günther, 1858, "Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia." No progress was made by his scheme, which relied upon the tongue and digits. Aglossa with _Myobatrachus_. Opisthoglossa. _a_. Oxydactyla. _b_. Platydactyla. Proteroglossa: Rhinophrynidae. Cope, 1864. "On the limits and relations of the Raniformes."[68] He introduces the shoulder-girdle and the sacral diapophyses, and drops the discs as too adaptive and misleading. He distinguishes between RANIFORMES and ARCIFERI. Cope, 1865. "Sketch of the primary groups of the Batrachia Salientia."[69] Aglossa. Bufoniformia (Bufonidae). Arcifera (Discoglossidae, Scaphiopodidae, and Hylidae). Raniformia. In 1867 Cope separates the genus _Hemisus_ as Gastrechmia on account of its peculiar pectoral arch.[70] In 1875, "Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia," Cope elaborates his system: Class Batrachia. Order Anura. 1. Raniformia. 2. Firmisternia. [Dendrobatinae and Engystomatidae.] 3. Gastrechmia: _Hemisus_. 4. Bufoniformia. [Bufonidae.] 5. Aglossa. _Pipa._ 6. Odontaglossa. _Xenopus._ 7. Arcifera. [Cystignathidae, Hylidae, Pelobatidae and Discoglossidae.] Cope consequently considered the characters of the pectoral arch as equivalent to those of the dentition. Boulenger, 1882, "Catalogue of the Batrachia Gradientia s. Ecaudata," recognises that the pectoral arch is of greater systematic value than the dentition. The latter is used, together with the shape of the sacral diapophyses, for the separation into families. I. Phaneroglossa. _A_. Firmisternia. { 1. Ranidae. { 2. Dendrobatidae. { 3. Engystomatidae. { 4. Dyscophidae. _B_. Arcifera. { 5. Cystignathidae. { 6. Dendrophryniscidae. { 7. Bufonidae. { 8. Hylidae. { 9. Pelobatidae. { 10. Discoglossidae. { 11. Hemiphractidae. { 12. Amphignathodontidae. II. Aglossa. { 13. Dactylethridae. { 14. Pipidae. {141}This emendation of the Arcifera and Firmisternia was accepted by Cope in his synopsis of the families of Vertebrata (_Amer. Natural._ xxiii., 1890), except that he still retained his suborder Gastrechmia.