This applies to _Bufo vulgaris_ as well as to _B. calamita_. Australian Anura are cursed with a fly of their own, called _Batrachomyia_.[81] _B. vulgaris_ inhabits almost the whole of the Palaearctic region;–the whole of Europe, with the exception of Ireland, the Balearic Islands, Sardinia and Corsica. Northwards it extends to Trondhjem, and thence along a line drawn across Russia and Siberia to the Amoor. Its southern limit in Asia is indicated by a line drawn from the Caucasus through the Himalayas into China. In Asia Minor and in Persia it is absent. South of the Mediterranean it occurs only in Morocco and Algeria. _B. melanostictus_ is the common toad of the whole Indian region and of the Malay Archipelago. The epidermis of the fingers and toes is thicker and more cornified than usual, and is stained black brown, hence its specific name. The male has a subgular vocal sac. In other respects the Indian species much resembles the more spinous or rough-skinned and brown varieties of the European species. According to S. S. Flower this toad is very common in the Straits Settlements, hiding by day under stones or logs, or in holes, coming out shortly before sunset, and remaining abroad till dawn; it may be met with on the roads and in the grass, hopping or crawling about in search of ants, bees, and similar food. It utters a rather feeble, plaintive cry when handled for the first time. It can change its colour from light yellowish to dark brown. The spawn, which resembles that of _B. vulgaris_, may be seen in March and April in ponds, in long strings twined about the water-weeds. The tadpoles are very like those of the common English toad in form, size, colour, and structure of mouth. The largest adult found in Penang measured 115 mm. (about 4 inches) from snout to vent.