In the Urodela both kidneys and testes are much concentrated, the testes especially have lost all outward appearance of segmentation, and their efferent canals, connecting them with the longitudinal collecting canal, are much reduced in numbers. The greater portion of the kidneys, at least their anterior half, has all the appearance of a degenerating organ and is on the way to losing its urinary function, although it still possesses Malpighian bodies and complete ducts; the main function of the latter is now the conveyance of the sperma. In the Perennibranchiata, and in some others, e.g. _Spelerpes variegatus_, the longitudinal collecting canal, between testis and kidney, is sometimes suppressed, a very simple, but pseudo-primitive arrangement. A urinary bladder is present. The cloaca is not eversible. In most Anura, e.g. _Rana_ and _Bufo_ (Fig. 7; 4, 5), the same scheme is adhered to. The efferent canals of the testis form a network, with a longitudinal canal, and open into the efferent canals of the kidney, in the substance of which they are more or less deeply imbedded. The ducts which lead out of the kidney to compose Leydig's duct, are frequently dilated, or the latter duct is much elongated, convoluted or varicated, and this whole portion is enclosed in a sheath of connective tissue, giving an {51}appearance as if the single duct itself were dilated in the greater part of its length; hence the occasional name of vesicula seminalis. Such means of storing the sperma enable the latter to be ejected suddenly in great quantities. In _Bombinator_ (6) some of the most anterior seminal canals do not perforate the kidney, but run over it superficially and open directly into a branch of Leydig's duct. This branch, no doubt equivalent to a number of segmental canals which have lost their uriniferous function, is curved round the upper end of the permanent kidney, while its forward continuation, ending blindly, is the remnant of its former headward extension. This arrangement of _Bombinator_ is carried further in _Discoglossus_ (7). The testis conveys its sperma through a wide duct directly into Leydig's canal, without interfering with the kidney, and all the testicular efferent network is lost. The anterior end of Leydig's duct still extends headwards; its middle portion acts solely as a vas deferens, while the lower portion still behaves like a typical segmental duct, conveying both sperma and urine. Lastly, in _Alytes_ (8) the functional division of the old segmental duct has been carried to an extreme. The kidney is drained by one canal only, now a true ureter, and this is of course produced by a consolidation of the multiple exclusively uriniferous canals of the lower half of the kidney. The whole of the segmental duct is now in the service of the testis, and near its junction with the ureter it forms a large diverticulum or true vesicula seminalis.