and south of {145}that continent, has a yellower head and browner back; _G. indicus_ of India and the Indo-Malay mainland; from which _G. pallescens_ is hardly separable, has a barer head and comparatively thin bill; the former breeds in trees in place of rocks. _Pseudogyps bengalensis_, the White-backed Vulture, ranging through India and down the Malay Peninsula, is black above, but brownish below, with the thin downy ruff and lower back white; the bill is greyish, the cere, feet, naked head and neck are black, the irides brown. This bird snorts, hisses, or even roars, and walks easily, though awkwardly. It nests in company on trees, and often lines the large stick-fabric with foliage, as do so many other Raptorial forms; the greenish-white eggs, seldom marked with red, vary much in bulk. _P. africanus_, of North-East and West Africa, is decidedly browner. The genus _Neophron_ contains the smallest Vultures, _N. percnopterus_ being called, from its frequent occurrence on Egyptian hieroglyphs, the Egyptian Vulture or Pharaoh's Hen. It has wandered thrice to Britain and also to North Europe, while it breeds from Savoy and Provence to Madeira, the Canaries, the Cape Verds, North Africa, and India, meeting in the last-named the smaller _N. ginginianus_; in winter it visits South Africa, where it is called the "White Crow." The plumage is white, with black primaries and partially brown secondaries; a ruff of lanceolate feathers extends up to the occiput, the naked head and neck are yellow, the tip of the bill alone being black; the feet are pink, the irides crimson. Often seen striding sedately along in search of animal and vegetable refuse or dung, this species also follows the plough and devours worms, grubs, insects, reptiles, and frogs; while from its alleged habit of breaking bones left by other Vultures, it is called Quebranta-huesos or "bone-smasher" by the Spaniards.[129] The flight is slow and easy, the voice a croak. The flat nest of sticks, lined with soft materials, and especially rags, is placed on a crag or tree, and contains two white eggs with red-brown or claret blotches. _N. pileatus_ of South Africa–which has a larger north-eastern and western form–is brown, with black wings and tail, downy whitish nape, purplish naked areas, dusky bill and feet, and brown irides. Of fossil forms there are recorded _Gyps melitensis_[130] from the Plistocene of Malta, and _Vultur_ from that of France.[131] {146}Fam. IV. FALCONIDAE.–This group may be divided into the Sub-families (1) _Gypaëtinae_ for the Lämmergeiers; (2) _Polyborinae_ for the "Carrion Hawks"; (3) _Accipitrinae_ for the Hawks, with _Circus_, _Polyboroïdes_, and so forth; (4) _Aquilinae_ for the Eagles; (5) _Buteoninae_ for the Buzzards and Kites; and (6) _Falconinae_ for the Falcons.