The genus _Turnix_ includes some twenty "Hemipodes," the Bustard- or Button-Quails of Anglo-Indians, which range from South Europe, Arabia, and Africa to India, China, the Liu-Kiu Islands, and Formosa, as well as to Australia, New Britain, and New Caledonia. The female is described below, unless otherwise stated. _T. taigoor_, reaching from India, Ceylon, and the Malay Peninsula to the Liu-Kiu Islands and Formosa, is brown above, with black bars and vermiculations, and buff margins to many of the feathers; the forehead and sides of the head and neck are white spotted with black, the mid-throat and chest are black, a whitish stripe divides the crown, and the under parts are buff, banded with black on the sides of the chest and on the breast. The whole chest is barred in the male, the centre of the throat being white. Darker birds apparently inhabit wetter districts.[148] _T. pugnax_ of Ceylon and the Great Sunda Islands is a rufous-naped race. _T. fasciata_, with a rufous collar, but grey and black upper surface, inhabits the Philippines and Paláwan; _T. rufilata_, of Celebes, has the throat barred with black, {189}and a rufous vent-region, _T. powelli_ of the Lesser Sunda Islands being similar. The males lack the rufous collar and barred throat. _T. sylvatica_, of South Europe and Africa generally, has in both sexes dull reddish upper parts, barred with black and relieved by white, grey, and buff, which cause a scaly appearance; the browner wings shew white spots, the centre of the crown and throat are white, the sides of the head, neck, and breast whitish with black spots, the mid-chest and abdomen ruddy and buff respectively. _T. dussumieri_, the smallest species known, occurring in India, Pegu, Hainan, and Formosa, differs in the wide yellowish margins of the scapulars, a feature found also in the blacker _T. nana_ and _T. hottentotta_ of Africa, wherein the sides are barred. The former ranges from lat. 10° S. to the Great Karroo, and the latter southward of that district. _T. blanfordi_ is found east of the Bay of Bengal to Siam and Manchuria, _T. tanki_ in India and eastward to Tipperah, _T. albiventris_ in the Andamans and Nicobars; all being greyish above varied with black, and having the nape rufous in the female only. _T. maculosa_ of Celebes, Southern New Guinea, and Australia, and _T. saturata_ of New Britain and the Duke of York group are similar, but exhibit yellow-edged scapulars; the latter possessing no rusty collar, but having a white throat in the male. _T. ocellata_ of Luzon is a large greenish-brown species vermiculated with black; in which the neck and breast are bright ruddy, the crown is blackish banded with white, the throat and cheeks are chiefly black, and the wing-coverts show black ocelli with whitish margins. The male has the middle of the throat white and no rufous collar. _T. nigricollis_ of Madagascar is grey, black, reddish, and buff above, with