Of the black-hooded, grey-mantled forms, which have as a rule red bill and feet, _L. atricilla_, the Laughing Gull, of the Atlantic coast of North America and Western Mexico, alone has black outer primaries; this species and _L. franklini_, of the interior of sub-Arctic America, having exceptionally dark mantles, and the latter pinkish under parts. Both migrate south in winter. _L. philadelphia_, Bonaparte's Gull, of all North America, which, like its two following congeners, strays to Britain, has the bill black; _L. melanocephalus_, of the Mediterranean and Black Seas, has a jet black head, a partly red bill, and nearly white quills; the very large _L. ichthyaëtus_ ranging from the Black Sea and the Levant to Tibet, and wintering in Southern Asia, has the bill almost orange. _L. saundersi_, a slender-legged stout-billed bird, inhabits the rivers and coasts of China and Mongolia; _L. serranus_ of the Andes from Ecuador to Chili being a near ally. _L. minutus_, the Little Gull, frequenting marshy districts in sub-Arctic and temperate {310}Europe and Asia in summer, and reaching the Mediterranean in winter, is quite the smallest of the genus. The lovely _Rhodostethia rosea_, or Wedge-tailed Gull, of the North Polar seas, supposed to breed on islets north of Asia and America if not of Franz Josef Land, is easily distinguished by its small black bill, red feet, black collar, and rosy lower parts. One specimen is on record in Britain. _Xema sabinii_, or Sabine's Gull, which nests on maritime marshes from Greenland westward to the Taimyr Peninsula, wanders to Britain, France, the Bermudas, and Texas, and annually visits Peru; it may be recognised by its plumbeous head, black collar, and forked tail. Of the larger collarless _X. furcatum_, with a white basal band on the maxilla, the only five examples known are from the Galápagos and Peru. Sub-fam. 3. _Rhynchopinae._–Of this group the curiously compressed beak and the habits have already been described (pp. 301, 304). The sole genus _Rhynchops_, or Scissor-bill, contains five species, of which _R. nigra_ is black, with white forehead, cheeks, and lower parts; the wing-quills being also broadly tipped, and the tail-feathers varied, with white. The bill and feet are red, with a black end to the former. In winter the nape is whiter, while the young are buff and blackish above. Breeding from New Jersey to Florida, this bird strays to New Brunswick and migrates to Trinidad, occurring also in South-West Mexico. _R. intercedens_ of South Brazil and Argentina, and the larger _R. melanura_, of the North and West of South America, have nearly uniform brown rectrices, but the latter has little white on the secondaries. _R. flavirostris_, extending from Senegal to Damara-Land, and from Egypt and the Red Sea to Nyassa-Land, has a red and orange beak; _R. albicollis_, of India and Lower Burma, differs from it in having the back of the neck white.