{58}The genus _Eudyptes_ contains the crested "Maccaroni" Penguins or Rock-hoppers, of which _E. chrysocome_, figured below, extends southwards and eastwards from the Falklands through the Indian Ocean and Antarctic seas to the coasts of New Zealand and the neighbouring islands. It is bluish-black with white breast and belly, and a fine orange crest on each side of the crown, from which a broad golden streak passes over the eye to the base of the maxilla. [Illustration: FIG. 17.–Rock-hoppers. _Endyptes chrysocome._ (From Thomson's _Atlantic_.)] _E. chrysolophus_, a rarer bird of somewhat similar range, has the forehead yellow instead of black. _E. chrysocome_ nidificates on elevated slopes, usually near fresh water, in which it delights to bathe, the nest being either a mere depression in the bare earth or a slight structure of plant-stems and leaves. This is at times perfectly exposed, but is not unfrequently among boulders or under the shade of tussocks of grass as high as a man's head, the filthy breeding-places being intersected by beaten pathways formed by the constant passage of troops to and from the sea. The parent is said to sit almost perpendicularly, with the eggs closely applied to a naked space in the centre of the abdomen, but it should be mentioned that some observers state that the breast is lowered until it nearly touches the ground, though there seems to be little doubt that the position is at least half upright in the case of Penguins generally. Like other species, Rock-hoppers swim chiefly below the surface of the sea, coming into view only {59}from time to time to breathe; but they have a most curious habit of stretching out the legs below the tail, laying their wings flat to their sides, arching their necks forward, and then making a sudden spring clear out of the waves. An occasional croak is heard while the birds are in the water, but on land the barking noise is perfectly deafening, nor do the severe bites with which the intruder is greeted make matters more tolerable.[60] Among other species recognised by different writers are _E. antarcticus_ of the Falklands, South Orkneys, South Shetlands, and New Georgia; _E. antipodum_ of New Zealand and Campbell Island, with an almost yellow head; _E. atratus_ of the Snares Islands, entirely of a blackish hue, and possibly a melanistic form; _E. schlegeli_ of Macquarie Island, _E. vittatus_ and _E. pachyrhynchus_ of New Zealand, _E. sclateri_ of the Auckland Islands, and _E. serresianus_ of Tierra del Fuego. _Palaeeudyptes antarcticus_[61] is a fossil form nearly 7 feet high, from the Eocene of New Zealand, while Señores Moreno and Mercerat record _Paraptenodytes antarcticus_, _Palaeospheniscus patagonicus_, _P. menzbieri_, and _P. bergii_ from the Miocene of Patagonia.[62] ORDER IV. PROCELLARIIFORMES.