Reindeer, like so many other particularly Arctic animals, have regular migrations. In Spitzbergen, for instance, the animal migrates in the summer to the inland region of the island, and in {299} the autumn back again to the sea coast to browse upon the seaweed. These migrating herds have been stated to be led by a large female. [Illustration] FIG. 157.--Reindeer. _Rangifer tarandus._ x 1/15. SUB-FAM. 2. MOSCHINAE.--_Moschus moschiferus_[203] is a native of the Asiatic Highlands. It is 3 feet or so high, perfectly hornless, and with very large canines in the male. It is noteworthy that in _Hydropotes_, where the canines are also very large, horns are absent. These are examples, perhaps, of correlation. The musk sac (whence the name) is present on the abdomen of the male only. There is no crumen or suborbital gland, which is so generally (though by no means universally) present in Cervidae. But the male has, in addition to the musk glands, glands near the tail and on the outside of the thigh. Unlike other Deer, the lachrymal bone of _Moschus_ bears but one orifice. The feet, so far as concerns the preservation of the outer rudimentary {300} metacarpals, are of the more ancient type represented in _Alces_, _Hydropotes_, etc. A gall-bladder is present. The young, as in so many Cervidae are spotted; but the adult is of a greyish-brown colour. [Illustration] FIG. 158.--Musk Deer. _Moschus moschiferus._ x 1/6. (From _Nature_.) There is no doubt that _Moschus_ is more nearly related to the Cervidae than to any other Ruminants. It is regarded by Sir W. Flower as "an undeveloped deer--an animal which in most points (absence of horns, smooth brain, retention of gall-bladder, etc.) has ceased to progress with the rest of the group, while in some few (musk gland, mobile feet) it has taken a special line of advance of its own." The musk itself, which gives its name to the creature, is found in a gland on the belly, about the size of a hen's egg. The whole gland is cut out and sold in this condition. Such quantities of musk deer have been and are killed for this purpose that the rarity of the animal is increasing. In the seventeenth {301} century it was so common that the traveller Tavernier purchased 7673 musk "pods" in one journey, or, according to Buffon, 1663. The tusks, which recall those of _Hydropotes_, to which _Moschus_ is not nearly allied, and of _Tragulus_, with which it has of course still less connexion, are said to be used for the digging up of roots. Its feet, in relation to its mountain-ranging habits, are very mobile.