We are acquainted with a few extinct forms, belonging to _Giraffa_, which are extra-African in range. _G. sivalensis_ is from the Pliocene of the Siwalik Hills in India, _G. attica_ from Greece. These remains, however, do not include the top of the skull, so that it is doubtful whether their horns were as in _G. camelopardalis_. A closely-allied genus is the extinct _Samotherium_. This flourished in Miocene times, and its remains have been found in the Greek island of Samos. The neck and limbs are shorter than in the Giraffe, and the horns, longer than in _Giraffa_, are placed just above the orbit upon the frontal bones alone, instead of upon the boundary line of frontals and parietals as in _Giraffa_. In several ways, therefore, the existing Giraffe is a more modified or {306} specialised animal than its forerunner of the Miocene. In the latter, the male alone carried horns, and in neither sex does the unpaired median bony excrescence appear. The remains of this genus (probably even the same species, _S. boissieri_) also occur in Persia. _Helladotherium_ (there is but one species, _H. duvernoyi_) has its four limbs of nearly the same length; the skull of the only known example is hornless; the neck is shorter than in _Giraffa_. It is known from the Miocene deposits of Pikermi in Greece. _Palaeotragus_ is a genus which is not referred to the Giraffidae by all systematists. Its very name, given to it by the eminent French palaeontologist M. Gaudry, indicates his opinion as to its Antelopine affinities. The chief and indeed (according to Forsyth Major[208]) the only reason for placing this Ruminant with the Antelopes is the large size of the horns. They undoubtedly suggest the horn cores of Antelopes. But they are placed wider apart than in those animals. It is thought that the hornless _Camelopardalis parva_ is the female of this species, which is from Pikermi. Rather more different from _Giraffa_ is the extinct genus _Sivatherium_, from the Siwalik deposits of India. Here again there has been some discussion as to its affinities. Some place it in the neighbourhood of _Antilocapra_, but most palaeontologists now regard it as a Giraffe. The main peculiarity of this large beast was the existence of two pairs of horn cores; the larger are upon the parietal bones, and are of a palmated form, with a few short tines, which are highly suggestive of those of the Elk (_Alces_). The shorter anterior pair are upon the frontal bones. The neck is short, the limbs of equal length, and there are no additional toes upon the limbs. _Sivatherium_ was almost as large as an Elephant, and in restorations it is depicted as having a fleshy dilated nose like the Saiga Antelope; this view is based upon the position and size of the nasal bones. Hornless skulls have been identified as the female of _Sivatherium_. _Vishnutherium_, _Hydraspotherium_, and _Bramatherium_ are allied genera.