(_c_) Peter, John, James, Jude; in the councils of Carthage, A.D. 397, 419, Cassiodorus, and a Gallican Sacramentarium. The Vulgate and council of Trent follow this arrangement. (_d_) John, Peter, Jude, James; in the list given by Innocent I., and the third council of Toledo. The Eastern church naturally set the Epistle of James, who was Bishop of Jerusalem, at the head of the others; while the Western put Peter, the Bishop of Rome, in the same place. X. The Revelation varied little in position. (_a_) In the decree of Galasius, according to its three recensions, the Revelation follows Paul’s epistles, preceding those of John and the other Catholic ones. (_b_) In D or the Clermont MS. it follows the _Catholic_ epistles, and precedes the Acts; which last is thrown to the end of all the books, as if it were an appendix to the writings of the apostles.(374) CHAPTER IX. SUMMARY OF THE SUBJECT. (_a_) In relation to the Old Testament, the prevailing tendency in the Greek Church was to follow the Palestinian canon. Different lists appeared from time to time in which the endeavor there to exclude apocryphal, _i.e._, spurious works, was apparent. In addition to the _canonical_, a class of _ecclesiastical_ books was judged fit for reading in the Church,—a class intermediate between the canonical and apocryphal. The distinction between the canonical and ecclesiastical writings appears in Cyril of Jerusalem, Athanasius, Epiphanius, &c. The Latin Church showed a disposition to elevate the ecclesiastical books of the Greek Church to the rank of the canonical, making the line between the two indistinct; as we see from the acts of the councils at Hippo and Carthage, in the end of the fourth and beginning of the fifth century, where Augustine’s, influence was predominant. But notwithstanding this deviation from the stricter method of the Greeks, learned men like Jerome adhered to the Palestinian canon, and even styled the ecclesiastical books _apocryphal_, transferring the epithet from one class to another. Hilary and Rufinus also followed the Greek usage.