════════════╤════════════════════════════╤═══════════ │ ATTENDANT AT BIRTH. │ ────────────┼──────────┬────────┬────────┼─────────── │ │ │ │Certificate NATIONALITY │ │ │ │ showing OF MOTHER. │Physician.│Midwife.│Unknown.│ deaths │ │ │ │ during │ │ │ │first year. ────────────┼──────────┼────────┼────────┼─────────── Total │ 158│ 180│ 33│ 47 ════════════╪══════════╪════════╪════════╪═══════════ Native │ 122│ 5│ 7│ 12 Foreign │ 36│ 184│ 26│ 35 ────────────┼──────────┼────────┼────────┼─────────── Slovak, │ │ │ │ Polish, │ 4│ 37│ 2│ 3 etc │ │ │ │ Croatian and│ │ 7│ 6│ 5 Servian │ │ │ │ Magyar │ │ 1│ │ German │ 2│ 5│ 1│ 2 Italian │ 3│ 36│ 2│ 4 Syrian and │ 3│ 4│ │ 1 Greek │ │ │ │ British │ 5│ 2│ │ Austrian │ │ │ │ (not │ 19│ 89│ 15│ 20 otherwise │ │ │ │ specified)│ │ │ │ Not reported│ │ 3│ │ ────────────┴──────────┴────────┴────────┴─────────── RELATION OF INFANT MORTALITY TO ENVIRONMENT NEIGHBORHOOD INCIDENCE The rate of infant mortality is regarded as a most reliable test of the sanitary condition of a district. (Sir Arthur Newsholme, Elements of Vital Statistics, p. 120. London, 1899.) Johnstown is a hilly, somewhat Y-shaped area of about 5 square miles which spreads itself out into long, narrow, irregularly shaped strips, detached by rivers and runs and steep hills. In some places it is not over a quarter of a mile wide, but its extreme length is about 4 miles. The city is composed of 21 wards and is an aggregation of what were formerly separate unrelated boroughs or towns. The names of these different sections, together with the numerical designations of the wards included in or comprising them, are shown in the following table. This table gives for each section not only the total population according to the Federal census of 1910, but also the number of live-born babies included in the investigation and the number and proportion of deaths among such babies during their first year. TABLE 1.—DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION, LIVE BIRTHS AND DEATHS DURING FIRST YEAR, AND INFANT MORTALITY RATE ACCORDING TO SECTION OF JOHNSTOWN, FOR ALL CHILDREN INCLUDED IN THIS INVESTIGATION.