[440] Nos vero non attoleimus tantum, sed etiam expandimus, et Dominica passione modulantes, et orantes Christo confitemur.--Tertul., _de Orat._, c. 11. Τὸ τοῦ σταύρου πάθος ἐν τῷ σχήματι ἐξεικονίζει.--Aster., _ap. Phot._, cod. 271. This attitude of prayer was also common to the pagans in their addresses to the _Dii Superi_, or celestial gods. Hence Virgil represents Æneas as praying with his hands stretched out to heaven--Duplices tendens ad sidera palmas. [441] See an instance of this miracle recorded in Eusebius.--_Hist. Eccles._, viii, 7. [442] Fac cum vocante somno Castum petes cubile, Frontem locumque cordis, Crucis figura signet. Crux pellit omne noxium.--_Hymn_ VI. [443] Endelechius, _De mortibus Bovium_. In later times the sign of the cross was used in both Greek and Latin benedictions, which were given with many puerile distinctions, and with much supposed spiritual benefit.--See Didron, _Iconog. Chrét._, pp. 406-410. The cross has also given the name to many famous churches, which were frequently cruciform in shape. In France are over a score of cathedrals or abbeys named Sainte Croix, and in Italy many named Santa Croce. In Great Britain we have Saint Cross at Winchester, and Holyrood in Edinburgh. The cross was also used to mark boundaries, parishes, cross roads; hence the phrase, “to beg like a cripple at a cross.” Of three hundred and sixty wayside crosses once existing in Iona only one remains. This sign was used to mark the beginning and end of books, and as a mark of punctuation. It gave validity to legal documents, and still accompanies the sign manual of ecclesiastical dignitaries. Crucifixion was abolished by Constantine out of reverence for the manner of Our Lord’s death. The cross would scarcely have been publicly employed while this shameful mode of punishment was practiced. The earlier examples had probably a baptismal signification as a sign of the faith. Of this character seem to have been those erected or inlaid by Constantine in his baptisteries and elsewhere. Only by slow degrees did it become the symbol of the sufferings of Christ. [444] De Rossi, _Inscript. Christ._, No. 39. [445] _Ibid._, No. 17.