[546] Numerous references to these veils occur in the Fathers; _e. g._, Paulin., _Natal. Felic._, iii, 6: Aurea nunc niveis ornantur limina velis; Hieron., _Epitaph. Nepot._: Vela semper in ostiis; Epiphan., _ep. ad. Johan. Hierosol._: Inveni vela pendens in foribus. They were used also at the entrance of Pagan schools, “to conceal,” says Augustine, “the ignorance that took refuge within.” [547] Prudentes quinque virgines olei vasa cum lampadibus deferentes.--_Roma Sotteranea_, tom. iii, p. 171. [548] Plutarch, _Quæst. Rom._ [549] Rock’s _Hierurgia_, p. 463. [550] On an ivory diptych in the Educational Museum at Toronto, Ca., the raising of Lazarus appears exactly after this primitive type. [551] Lord Lindsay, _Christian Art_, vol. i, p. 51. [552] _Rom. Sott._, p. 307. [553] See Book II, chap. ii, p. 269. [554] _Rom. Sott._, p. 308. [555] According to Romish tradition, the Divine Sufferer received five thousand stripes during his scourging. This, as they would be inflicted by Roman soldiers, would be beyond human endurance, and was far beyond what Jewish or Roman law would allow. [556] Acts iv, 3. [557] Aringhi, _Roma Sotterranea_, tom. ii, p. 273. [558] Hence Augustine asserts that if the name of the apostle is not expressly mentioned, St. Paul is always understood by this title--Apostolus cum dicetur, si non exprimatur quis apostolus non intelligitur nisi Paulus.--_Contra duas Epis. Pelag._, lib. iii, c. 3. The apostles were sometimes represented by twelve men, but without any individual distinction. [559] O Roma felix, quæ duorum Principum Es consecrata glorioso sanguine; Horum cruore purpurata ceteras Excellis orbis una pulcritudines. --_Office for the Festival of St. Peter and St. Paul._ St. Paul is designated the illustrious doctor, the vase of election, the teacher of the nations, and preacher of truth throughout the world.--Egregie doctor Paule, vas electionis, doctor gentium, prædicator veritatis in universo mundo.--_Ibid._ [560] Of these types are the portraits on a bronze medal found in the Catacomb of St. Domitilla, in the so-called tomb of Sts. Peter and Paul at St. Sebastian’s, and in the early sculptures, mosaics, and paintings generally. [561] The scoffing Lucian, who may have conversed with some who witnessed the execution of St. Paul, describes him as “the bald-headed and long-nosed Galilæan, who mounted through the air into the third heaven.”--Γαλιλαῖος, ἀναφαλαντίας, ἐπίῤῥινος, ἐς τρίτον ουρανὸν ἀεροβατήσας.--_Philopatris._ Nicephorus and the Acts of Paul and Thecla describe him as bald--ψιλὸς τὴν κεφαλήν. The apocryphal Acts and Malalas add the epithets γλυκύς and χάριτος πλήρης, sweet, and full of grace.