[630] Il n’a rencontré lui même dans ces souterrains aucun trace de nul autre tableau représentant une martyre.--_Hist. de l’Art._ [631] A fresco of the martyrdom of Felicitas and her seven sons, in an ancient chapel within the Baths of Titus, is not later, according to M. Rochette, (_Mém. de l’Acad. des Inscr._, tom. xiii, p. 165,) than the seventh century. [632] Aringhi has given an entire chapter on this subject, entitled “Martyriorum instrumenta unà cum martyrum corporibus tumulo reponuntur.”--_Rom. Sott._, i, 29. [633] _Catacombs of Rome_, pp. 111, 112. [634] _Ibid._, p. 187. [635] “Flagellum quoddam ad corpus excruciandum,” is the phrase of Aringhi. [636] _Rom. Sott._, p. 387. [637] _Perret_, tom. iv, planche 2. The ship was a favourite type of the church during the Middle Ages. In the church of St. Etienne-du-Mont, at Paris, is a representation of a vessel crowded with passengers, among whom the portrait of Francis I. has been recognized. In an ancient Merovingian MS. missal the same idea is repeated, only the Holy Spirit is substituted as pilot--Bene gubernatus est Spiritus Sanctus. [638] _La Corinne._ [639] Translata episcoporum manibus, cum alii pontifices lampadas cereosque præferrent.--Hieron., Ep. 27, _ad Eustach., in Epitaph. Paulæ_. [640] Sometimes a single candelabrum bears three hundred and sixty-five lights, emblematic of the days of the year. More impressive is a solitary lamp ever burning at some lowly shrine, the type of the flame of love burning in perpetual adoration on the altar of the heart. [641] Canon., 34. [642] The following inscription from Gruter indicates this practice: QVISQVE · HVIC · TVMVLO POSVIT · ARDENTEM · LVCERNAM ILLIVS · CINERES · AVREA · TERRA · TEGAT. “Who ever places a burning lamp before this tomb, may a golden soil cover his ashes.” Lactantius accuses the pagans of burning lights to God as to one living in darkness, (_Institut. Divin._, lib. vi, cap. 2,) and the Theodosian Code forbids the custom. [643] Prope ritum gentilium videmus sub prætextu religionis introductum in ecclesias, sole adhuc fulgente moles cereorum accendi, etc.--_Adv. Vigil._, ii. [644] From ἀμφί and φέρω--on account of the handles on each side of the neck. They were also called _diota_, or two-eared, from διώτη. [645] Lac significat innocentiam parvulorum.--Hieron., in _Esai_. lv, 1. Deinde egressos lactis et mellis prægustare concordiam ad infantiæ significationem.--_Ibid._, _Contr. Lucif._, c. 4. See also Tertul., _de Coron. Mil._, c. 3; Clem. Alex., _Pædagog._, lib. i, c. 6.