It was first the head of a kingdom, and later, when it came to the Romans, it was made the capital of a province which comprised the fourth part of Gaul. This in turn was subdivided into the provinces of _Narbonenses_, _Viennensis_, the _Greek Alps_, and the _Maritime Alps_, that is, all of the later _Savoie_, _Dauphiné_, _Provence_, _Lower Languedoc_, _Rousillon_, _Toulousan_, and the _Comté de Foix_. Under the second race of kings, the Dukes of _Septimannia_ took the title of _Ducs de Narbonne_, but the lords of the city contented themselves with the name of viscount, which they bore from 1134 to 1507, when Gaston de Foix--the last Viscount of Narbonne--exchanged it for other lands, with his uncle, the French king, Louis XII. The most credulous affirm that the Proconsul Sergius Paulus--converted by St. Paul--was the first preacher of Christianity at Narbonne. The Church is here, therefore, of great antiquity, and there are plausible proofs which demonstrate the claim. The episcopal palace at Narbonne, closely built up with the Hôtel de Ville (rebuilt by Viollet-le-Duc), is a realization of the progress of the art of domestic fortified architecture of the time. Like its contemporary at Laon in the north, and more particularly after the manner of the papal palace at Avignon and the archbishop's palace at Albi, this structure combined the functions of a domestic and official establishment with those of a stronghold or a fortified place of no mean pretence. Dating from 1272, the cathedral of St. Just de Narbonne suggests comparison with, or at least the influence of, Amiens. It is strong, hardy, and rich, with a directness of purpose with respect to its various attributes that in a less lofty structure is wanting. The height of the choir-vault is perhaps a hundred and twenty odd feet, as against one hundred and forty-seven at Amiens, and accordingly it does not suffer in comparison. It may be remarked that these northern attributes of lofty vaulting and the high development of the _arc-boutant_ were not general throughout the south, or indeed in any other region than the north of France. Only at Bazas, Bordeaux, Bayonne, Auch, Toulouse, and Narbonne do we find these features in any acceptable degree of perfection. The architects of the Midi had, by resistance and defiance, conserved antique traditions with much greater vigour than they had endorsed the new style, with the result that many of their structures, of a period contemporary with the early development of the Gothic elsewhere, here favoured it little if at all. Only from the thirteenth century onward did they make general use of ogival vaulting, maintaining with great conservatism the basilica plan of Roman tradition.