Macchiavelli has, since Paul IV, been placed in Class I. His writings are available for the faithful only under special authority of the pope. Certain of the books are said by Brudini (writing in 1752) to have found favour with Alexander VI, and with Clement VII. Under Gregory XIII, 1572–85, the production of an expurgated edition of Macchiavelli’s works was undertaken, but the plan was not carried out, owing to the refusal of the Congregation to permit the books to be printed with the name of the author. Villari speaks of having seen a copy of an expurgated edition of the _Storie Fiorentini_, printed in 1551.[134] In 1605, under Clement VIII, a fresh prohibition was made of an edition at Lausanne of the _Discours sur les moyens de bien gouverner_. The _Decameron_ of Boccaccio is entered in the Index of Trent with the phrase: _quamdiu expurgatur ab iis, quibus rem Patres commiserunt, non prodierunt_. An edition so expurgated was printed in Florence in 1573, at the instance of Cosimo I. The “expurgations” had to do only with the references to religion or to ecclesiastics. Except in the instances in which the characters involved are monks or priests, the obscenities of the original are retained in the expurgated edition. Certain of the books of the notorious Aretino of Arezzo had been included in the Index of 1559, and the prohibition is confirmed in the Index of Trent. This author is condemned not (as might well have been expected) on the ground of the pornographic character of his writings, but because of their (alleged) heretical tendencies. Professor Paul van Dyke points out that “when the influence of the Council of Trent was being felt in reforming the abuses and restoring the discipline of the Church, Aretino’s freedom in criticising the clergy became offensive.”[135] The works of Guicciardini which came into condemnation had to do with the history of the development of the political authority of the Papacy, a subject concerning which the Congregation of the Index was always on the alert. In the Index of Trent, a number of works on astrology and magic, which had found place in the Index of Paul, were omitted. * * * * * As before indicated, the classifications of the Tridentine editors indicated a wider and more tolerant policy than had been followed by the compilers of the Index of Paul IV. The change is to be credited in part to the influence exercised in Trent by the delegates from Germany and in part to the protests which had been called forth from scholars in Italy and throughout the world by the severe prohibitions in Paul’s Index, prohibitions which, as pointed out, were seriously hampering for scholarly undertakings.