In the Netherlands, Erasmus had the protection of the Emperor Charles V. No one of his books finds place in the Louvain Indexes of 1546 and 1550. In that of 1558, is printed only the title of the French version of the treatise _De Sarcienda Eccl. Concordia_. In the Indexes of Italy, the name of Erasmus appears first in 1559, in the Index of Paul IV. In Spain, Quiroga repeats, in the Index of 1583, the titles given in the Index of Trent. In 1576, Paul Manutius printed in Florence, under a “privilege” of Gregory XIII, an expurgated edition of the _Adagia_. The privilege carried with it a prohibition of all other editions. The Index of Sixtus V specifies this edition as permitted, all others as condemned. The Index of Benedict XIV repeats the authorisation for the Manutius edition, and confirms the prohibition of the others unless expurgated. The editors of the Index of Paul IV (1559) took a very serious view of the evils of the writings of Erasmus. His name is placed in Class I, and is connected with a condemnation more sweeping than that given to Luther or to Calvin; “with all of his Commentaries, Remarks, Notes, Dialogues, Letters, Criticisms, Translations, Books, and Writings, including even those which contain nothing concerning Religion.” This judgment was, however, materially modified five years later by the Tridentine compilers, by whom, after some heated discussions, the name of Erasmus was transferred to Class II. _The Colloquies, Praise of Folly, Institution of Christian Matrimony_, and the _Paraphrases_ (of the Gospel of Matthew) were condemned, as also certain of the _Letters_. Others of the _Letters_ were restored to the class of permitted literature, but only after such eliminations and alterations that (as the chronicler remarks) they would not have been recognised by their author[216] (Erasmus had died in 1536). The record of the discussions in the commission is given in a letter written from Trent, in 1563, by the Archbishop of Prague to the Emperor (Ferdinand I). The Archbishop states that he had himself contended for the freeing of the works of Erasmus from condemnation on the ground that he had always submitted himself to the judgment of the Church; that his literary undertakings had received the approval of Leo X; that he had been engaged in many sharp contests with the heretical assailants of the Church; that he had devoted to the editing of the writings of the Fathers a scholarship of which the heretics might well envy the Church the possession, and that he had died in the Faith. The Archbishop goes on to say that the majority of his associates were of another way of thinking, and had overborne the views of the few who wanted to secure the preservation of the works of an author who had done such signal service for the Church. He closes by asking the Emperor to relieve him from service on the commission. He finds it difficult to work in harmony with the churchmen from Spain and Italy who have no personal