The Spanish kings had in practice usually been able to maintain the _regalias_ or rights which they held to be inherent in the Crown, but there were still questions left to be debated by publicists and canon lawyers. The advocates of the royal prerogative were known as Regalists and came naturally into antagonism with the authority of Rome and with the contentions of the Ultramontanists. The issue was complicated by the determination of the Inquisition to maintain at any cost the supremacy of its jurisdiction over that of all secular tribunals.[40] The Inquisition was able to utilise its powers of censorship to sustain its aggressions upon the other departments of government. In the Index of Clement VIII, published in 1596, the instructions that had been reprinted in the successive Indexes ordered the expurgation of all propositions which were antagonistic to ecclesiastical liberty, immunity, and jurisdiction. In 1606, the Jesuit Henriquez, in his treatise entitled _De Clavibus Romani Pontificis_, defended the right of appeal from the ecclesiastical courts to the Royal Council (of Spain). By order of the papal nuncio, the edition was cancelled so successfully that only three or four copies survived. In 1618, in a treatise by Cevallos, a similar contention was maintained on behalf of the authority of the State. In 1624, this work was prohibited by a separate decree, notwithstanding the application made by the King (Philip III) through his ambassador at Rome, to prevent the condemnation of a book that maintained the rights inherent in the sovereign. The censorship authorities of Spain declined to ratify the papal decree. In a case such as this, the Inquisition and the Crown had interests in common. If the Crown had failed to vindicate its independence, the Inquisition would have been reduced to subjection to the Roman Congregations.[41] When the Inquisition failed in its duties in regard to the examination of books before publication, the State assumed for itself the direct exercise of the functions of condemnation and suppression. In 1694, a treatise attributed to Barambio was issued under the title of _Casos reservados a su Santidad_, in which the royal prerogative was impugned. The book was never placed upon the Index, but it was formally condemned under royal decree, and the edition was ordered cancelled. In 1760, King Carlos III issued regulations prescribing the rules respecting papal briefs, and prescribing further the system under which the censorship functions of the Inquisition were to be kept under subordination to the State. The decree was recalled in 1763, but was reissued in 1768 with an appeal to the spirit of the _Constitution_ of Benedict XIV, issued in 1753, under which _Constitution_ the proceedings of the Roman Congregations had been reformed. No edict concerning censorship was thereafter to be published until it had been submitted to and approved by the King. The Inquisition was thus placed under wholesome restrictions, but,