=3. Controversies concerning the Gallican Church, 1600–1758.=--While there was an increasing tendency on the part, not only of the civil authorities in Paris but also on that of the divines of the Sorbonne, to bring into condemnation the works of the more extreme of the Ultramontane writers, this policy had as one result the directing of the attention of the authorities in Rome to the series of treatises by French jurists and theologians in which was contested the claim of the pope to authority in civil matters, and in which was upheld the claim to independent authority on the part of the Gallic Church and the right of the king to control the appointments in the Church. The French writers gave special attention to the responsibilities of the French bishops in regard to the control of the Church property of their dioceses, responsibilities which, according to the French view, were to be discharged not to Rome but to the State authorities. Among the writers of this Gallican school of thought whose names came into the Index during the 17th century may be noted the jurists, Simon Vigor, Louis Servin, and Pithon Du Puy; the theologians Edmond Richer, Véron, de Marca, Gerbais, and Boileau. The treatise of the latter had been written under the instructions of Richelieu. These censorships of the Holy See secured as a series no recognition in France. The condemnation of the treatise of Rabardeau was, however, confirmed by an assembly of the French clergy. In one way or another, the authority of the Holy See made itself felt in France. Richer, for instance, even before the formal prohibition in Rome of his writings, was, at the instance of the authorities in Rome, dispossessed by the French Government from his post as syndic of the Sorbonne. De Marca, who in 1642 had been nominated as bishop, was refused confirmation by the Holy See on the ground of the condemnation of his treatise _De concordia sacerdotii et imperii_, and it was only in 1647, when after long negotiations he had made retractation of the doctrine presented in this thesis, that he was given authority to take charge of his diocese. In the Spanish Index, are entered a few only of the titles of these French defenders of the authority of the State which had been condemned in Rome. [Sidenote: Declaration of the Sorbonne, 1663]