declared, in connection with a Parliamentary investigation, that, according to their own opinion and to the purport of their teachings to their students, the pope possessed neither direct nor indirect authority in the United Kingdom in secular matters. They stated further that the contrary doctrine was now considered as practically obsolete. =6. The Gallicans and Liberal Catholics, 1845–1870.=--The contest of the Congregation of the Index against theological Gallicanism began in 1851 under Pius IX. Certain books of instruction utilised in the seminaries of France were, for the purpose of maintaining them in use against the criticisms of the Ultramontane press, revised with the elimination of material that could be classed as Gallican. Among the works belonging to this period which were condemned on the ground of their Gallican or Liberal Catholic views may be noted the following: Dupin, André M. J. J., _Manuel du Droit Publique-ecclésiastique Français_, printed in 1844, prohibited 1845. This manual presents in eighty-three articles the “Liberties” of the Gallican Church, the declaration of the clergy made in 1682 on the limits of ecclesiastical power, and the text of the Concordat. Bailly, Louis, Canon of Dijon, _Theologia Dogmatica et Moralis, ad usum Seminariorum_, completed in eight volumes in 1789, reprinted with the revision by Receveur in 1842, prohibited in 1852 with a _d.c._ Lequeux, J. F. M., _Manuale Compendium Juris Canonici ad usum Seminariorum_, printed in 1839, prohibited in 1851. The work had been denounced by five of the French bishops. A decree of the Congregation issued in 1852 states that the author had “submitted himself.” Guettée, l’Abbé, _L’Histoire de l’Église de France_, volumes i to vii, printed in Paris, 1847, condemned in 1852. The work had secured the specific approval of no less than forty-two of the French bishops. Thions, C., _Adresse au Pape Pie IX sur la Nécessité d’une Réforme Religieuse_, printed in 1848, prohibited in 1852. Montalembert, _Les Intérêts Catholiques au XIX^{me} Siècle_, published in 1852, received very sharp criticisms from the Ultramontane journals and from a number of the bishops, but escaped the Index. In fact no work of this author was formally condemned in Rome.