The Chautauquan, Vol. 03, May 1883Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle
History
The Chautauquan, Vol. 03, May 1883
Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle
Chautauqua Institution -- Periodicals; Chautauqua Literary and Scientific Circle -- Periodicals
The period of the Sophists is of great interest. As teachers of
dialectic and rhetoric, they endeavored to fit the Athenian youth for
skillful and effective pleas in the courts or persuasive harangues
before the people. They taught how to debate and how to make the
worse appear the better reason. They pushed their speculations
beyond rhetorical forms into the realms of philosophy, and in the
end questioned all principles of conviction, and even the bases of
morality. All faith was undermined. At this juncture rose Socrates,
the greatest character of his age, who showed up by a keener dialectic
the firm foundations of virtue and truth, under the shifting sands of
opinion and prejudice. Plato has preserved for us in his dialogues the
beautiful picture of Socrates in his knight-errant exploits against the
Sophists, and finally his tragic but heroic end. Plato’s works have
been for more than two thousand years a liberal education into sound
and deep philosophy, and, with the works of Aristotle, his pupil and
successor, form the canonical books of philosophy. They have furnished
the philosophical forms used by the Christian fathers in building up
the great structure of Christian theology.
The Greek people have given to the world the two great elements of art
and science—the æsthetic and theoretic forms of culture. Their defect
is found in their exclusive devotion to those two phases. We must find
in the Roman civilization the forms of the will which civilization has
needed in order to form political and social institutions—the Greeks
were weak on this side.
Above all, the deep spirituality, the communion with God as the one
Infinite Person, creator of heaven and earth, is not to be found
in Greek education, although it is the most important, nay, the
all-essential point in our modern education.
After the time of Aristotle the Greek intellect dissipated itself in
Stoicism and skepticism, and a cloud of darkness settled down gradually
over the country, when Rome conquered its last armies, and reduced it
to obedience to an alien principle. At a few centers like Alexandria
and Athens, art and science were cultivated to a very high degree,
but Greece had nothing new to contribute to the world, and its labors
henceforth were for Roman hire, or frequently the work of bondmen. The
wealthy Roman owned Greek slaves, who acted as tutors to his children
and producers of art for his amusement. But as nurses and tutors the
Greek soon spread his Greek education over the mighty nation that had
conquered the world.
DAFFODILS AT SEA.
By J. S. HOWSON.
Fair daffodils I took across the western sea away,
To cheer my lonely cabin and to talk to me of home.
Not double daffodils I took, but single—freshly come
From wintry village fields. I hate the dowager display,
That spoils sweet nature’s manner, and with bold and stately stare
Arrays in artificial pomp the fashionable square.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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