P. 356.—“Bardanes,” bar-da´nes; “Phillippicus,” phil-lip´pi-cus. P. 357.—“Moslemas,” mos´le-mas. P. 365.—“Haroun al-Rashid,” hä-roon´ äl-răsh´id. (765-809.) Aaron the Just, the fifth caliph of the dynasty of the Abassides. His conquests and administration were such that his reign is called the golden age of the Mohammedan nations. Poetry, science and art were cultivated by him. Haroun is the chief hero of Arabian tales. “Nikephorus,” ni-ceph´o-rus. P. 368.—“Theophilus,” the-oph´i-lus. P. 369.—“Armorium,” ar-mo´ri-um. P. 370.—“Bardas,” bar´das; “Theoktistus,” the-ok´tis-tus. “John Grammatikus.” John the grammarian. It was he that held that there were three Gods and rejected the word unity from the doctrine of the being of God. P. 371.—“Photius,” fo´shĭ-us. He played a distinguished part in the political, religious and literary affairs of the ninth century. After holding various offices, he was made patriarch by Bardas, deposing Ignatius. This incensed the Romish Church, and the controversy which arose did much to widen the gulf between the Eastern and Western Churches. Photius was deposed from his position, but replaced until the death of Basil, when he was driven into exile. Among his writings the most valuable is a review of ancient Greek literature. Many books are described in it of which we have no other knowledge. P. 372.—“Arsacidæ,” ar-sac´i-dæ. So called from Arsaces, the founder of the Parthian empire. About 250 B. C. Arsaces induced the Parthians to revolt from the Syrian empire, of the Seleucidæ. The family existed four hundred and seventy-six years, being obliged in 226 A. D. to submit to Artaxerxes, the founder of the dynasty of the Sassanidæ. P. 373.—“Porphyrogenitus,” por-phy-ro-gen´i-tus. P. 374.—“Seljuks,” sel-jooks´; “Commeni,” com-me´ni. P. 375.—“Robert Guiscard,” ges´kar=´=. Robert, the prudent. (1015-1085.) The founder of the kingdom of Naples. He had come from Normandy to Italy, where by his wit and energy he had been appointed Count of Apulia in 1057. Soon after he added other provinces to his kingdom, conquered Sicily, and drove the Saracens from Southern Italy. His hasty departure from Thessaly was to relieve the Pope from the siege of Henry IV. After accomplishing this he immediately undertook the second expedition against Constantinople. P. 376.—“Kephallenia,” ceph´al-le=´=ni-a; “Durazzo,” doo-rät´so. P. 377.—“Anna Commena.” The daughter of Alexis I. She wrote a full history of her father’s life; one of the most interesting and valuable books of Byzantine literature. P. 379.—“Piacenza,” pe-ä-chen´zä. The capital of the province of the same name in the north of Italy. P. 382.—“Nureddin,” noor-ed-deen´. A Mohammedan ruler of Syria and Egypt. P. 383.—“Dandolo,” dän´do-lo. P. 385.—“Scutari,” skoo´tă-ree. P. 386.—“Morisini,” mo-ri-si´ni. P. 387.—“Boniface,” bŏn´e-făss; “Montferrat,” mŏnt-fer-răt´; “Bouillon,” boo´yon=´=; “Laskaris,” las´ca-ris. P. 388.—“Palæologus,” pa-læ-ol´o-gus.