11. “Humboldt,” Baron von. (1769-1859.) A German naturalist, the most distinguished scholar of the nineteenth century. After a thorough education, under the best masters in different universities, he determined to devote himself to finance as a business, and familiarized himself with everything pertaining to this calling. He changed his career and wished to engage in practical mining. And again he went through with a full preparation for this work. He was sent to explore several mining districts, and made many experiments to discover the nature of fire-damp. Later he made a great scientific expedition which only led the way to others, until he had visited as a scientist almost every land. He is distinguished for the comprehensiveness of his researches. During his travels he made astronomical, botanical and magnetic researches, measured elevations, investigated the nature of the soil, and the thermometrical relations; he also collected herbariums, and founded the new science of the geography of plants. Of his numerous published works, “Kosmos” has perhaps attracted public attention most widely. It has been without an equal in giving an impulse to natural studies. 12. “Lord Lytton,” Sir Edward George. Earle Lytton, son of General William Earle Bulwer, born in 1805. Upon his succeeding to the vast estates of his mother, the heiress of the Lyttons, he by royal license assumed this name, writing it after his own. He is the author of several works, mostly of fiction. THE CIRCLE OF THE SCIENCES. 1. “Syllogism.” Every argument, to be valid, must be placed in regular logical form, which consists of three propositions, two called the _premises_, and the third the _conclusion_. The conclusion follows from the premises, so that if the former are true, the conclusion must be. For example: Major premise—It was not lawful to scourge a Roman citizen; minor premise—Paul was a Roman citizen; conclusion—Therefore, it was not lawful to scourge Paul. 2. “Dr. Porter.” An American scholar and author, born in 1811. The eleventh president of Yale College. 3. “Ruskin,” John. (1819-⸺.) An English author. He has given much attention to the study of art, many of his numerous books being written on that subject. 4. “Utopia.” See THE CHAUTAUQUAN for February, 1885. 5. “Campanella.” (1568-1639.) An Italian philosopher. He was suspected of joining a conspiracy against the Spanish government, was put to the rack, and finally imprisoned in Spain. Later he was transferred to the inquisition at Rome. On gaining his liberty he went to France. He was famous for undermining other systems of philosophy rather than for establishing one of his own.