3. _I_, ending a final syllable, has the long sound. At the end of an initial unaccented syllable it varies between _i_ long and _i_ short (like _i_ in _pin_). In all other cases _i_, ending an unaccented syllable, is short. 4. _Y_ is like _i_ in the same situation. 5. _Æ_ and _æ_ like _e_ in the same situation. 6. If a syllable end in a consonant the vowel has the short English sound. 7. _E_, in final _es_, like _e_ in Andes. RULES FOR CONSONANTS. 1. _C_, before _e_, _i_, _y_, _æ_, _œ_, is pronounced like _s_; before _a_, _o_, and _u_, and before consonants, like _k_. 2. _G_, before _e_, _i_, _y_, _æ_, and _œ_, or another _g_ followed by _e_, has the sound of _j_; before _a_, _o_ and _u_, and consonants other than _g_, the hard sound. 3. _Ch_ is like _k_, but is silent before a mute at the beginning of a word. 4. Initial _x_ is like _z_. 5. _T_, _s_ and _c_, before _ia_, _ie_, _ii_, _io_, _iv_, and _ev_, preceded immediately by the accent, change into _sh_ and _zh_; but when the _t_ follows _s_, _t_, or _z_, or when the accent falls on the first of the vowels following, the consonant preserves its pure sound. 6. Initial _ph_, before a mute, is silent. 7. _S_ has generally the sound of _s_ in _this_. 8. When two consonants like _mn_, _nm_, etc., occur at the beginning of a word, they are to be pronounced with the first consonant mute. * * * * * P. 9.—“Voltaire,” vol-têrˈ (1694-1778). French author. P. 11.—“Mycenæ.” A city of Argos (see map in History of Greece), said to have been the leading city of Greece during the time of the Trojan war. Its remains are most interesting. The walls and the “gate of lions,” supposed to belong to the ancient acropolis, and two immense subterranean chambers, the walls of which contain some of the largest blocks found in the walls of buildings, are among its antiquities. “Cyclopean.” Pertaining to a class of giants, who had but one eye in the middle of the forehead. They were said to inhabit Sicily, and to be assistants in the workshops of Vulcan, fabled to be under Mt. Etna. “Schliemann.” A German antiquarian and traveler, who claims to have discovered the genuine home of Ulysses, and also to have unearthed ancient Troy. The latter he locates on the plateau of Hisarlik. “Arcadia,” ar-caˈdi-a. The central country of the Peloponnesus. It received its name of “the Switzerland of Greece” from the mountains which surround it on all sides, and traverse its surface in every direction. P. 13.—“Laconisms,” lăcˈo-nĭsms. A laconism; a brief pointed sentence; an expression in the laconic brief style of a Lacedæmonian or Spartan. The word is derived from Laconia, the name of the country.