The Chemistry of CookeryWilliams, W. Mattieu (William Mattieu)
Science
The Chemistry of Cookery
Williams, W. Mattieu (William Mattieu)
Cooking
If this theory of fat cookery and the preceding theoretical
explanations of the cookery of gelatin and fibrin are correct, a
broad practical deduction follows, viz. that in the cookery of fat
the full temperature of 212° or even a much higher temperature does
no mischief, or may be desirable, while all the other constituents of
meat are better cooked at a temperature not exceeding 212°; the albumen
especially at a considerably lower temperature.
There is neither coagulation nor dehydration to be feared as regards
the fat, unless the heat is raised to that of the dissociation of the
fixed oils, which, as already explained, is much above 212°; the change
which then takes place in the fat (analogous to that caramelising
sugar) is not dehydration properly so called, although the _elements_
of water or hydrogen may be driven off.
Hydration is a combining of water _as water_, not with the elements of
water as elements, and the water of most hydrates becomes dissociated
at a temperature a little above the boiling point of water.
My own experiments on gelatin show that hydration occurs when crude
gelatin is exposed to the action of water at or below the boiling
point, and that dehydration takes place at and above the boiling point,
or otherwise stated, the boiling point is the critical temperature
where either hydration or dehydration may occur according to the
circumstances.
The original membrane _immersed in water_ at 212° becomes hydrated,
while hydrated gelatin heated to 212° and exposed to the air is
dehydrated. Fat is only dissociated as regards its glycerine, and is
cooked thereby.
The dietetic value of milk is obvious enough from the fact that the
young of the human species and all the mammalia, whether carnivorous,
graminivorous, or herbivorous, are entirely fed upon it during the
period of their most rapid growth. This, however, does not justify
the practice of describing milk as a model diet and tabulating its
composition as that which should represent the composition of food
for adults. The fallacy of this is evident from the fact that grass
is the model food of the cow, and milk that of the calf. Although the
grass contains all the constituents of the milk, their proportions are
widely different; besides this the grass contains a very great deal of
material that does not exist in milk—silica for example.
Public-domain text, read in full here on John Shaqi.
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