[Footnote 688: William Bartram, who traveled through their country in 1776, says (Travels in North America, p. 483): "The Cherokees in their dispositions and manners are grave and steady, dignified and circumspect in their deportment; rather slow and reserved in conversation, yet frank, cheerful, and humane; tenacious of the liberties and natural rights of man; secret, deliberate, and determined in their councils; honest, just, and liberal, and always ready to sacrifice every pleasure and gratification, even their blood and life itself, to defend their territory and maintain their rights."] [Footnote 689: Hon. J. C. Calhoun, Secretary of War, under date of March 29, 1824, in a communication addressed to the President to be laid before the United States Senate, alludes to the provision contained in the treaty of 1791 and says: "In conformity to the provisions of this article the various utensils of husbandry have been abundantly and constantly distributed to the Cherokee Nation, which has resulted in creating a taste for farming and the comforts of civilized life."] [Footnote 690: May 30, 1820.] [Footnote 691: Letter of Hon. J. C. Calhoun Secretary of War, March 29, 1824. In this letter Mr. Calhoun says: "Certain benevolent societies in the year 1816 applied for permission to make establishments among the Cherokees and other southern tribes, for the purpose of educating and instructing them in the arts of civilized life. Their application was favorably received. The experiment proved so favorable, that Congress, by act of March 3, 1819, appropriated $10,000 annually as a civilization fund, which has been applied in such a manner as very considerably to increase the extent and usefulness of the efforts of benevolent individuals and to advance the work of Indian civilization."] [Footnote 692: The eight districts into which the nation was at this time divided were, Chickamauga, Chatooga, Coosawatee, Amohee, Hickory Log, Etowah, Taquoe, and Aquohee.] [Footnote 693: The census of the nation east of the Mississippi, taken in 1835, exhibited the following facts: +-----------------+----------+-------+------------+---------+ | | | | Whites | | | |Cherokees.|Slaves.|intermarried| Total. | | | | | with | | | | | | Cherokees. | | +-----------------+----------+-------+------------+---------+ |In Georgia | 8,946| 776| 68| 9,790| |In North Carolina| 3,644| 37| 22| 3,703| |In Tennessee | 2,528| 480| 79| 3,087| |In Alabama | 1,424| 299| 32| 1,755| +-----------------+----------+-------+------------+---------+ | Aggregate | 16,542| 1,592| 201| 18,335| +-----------------+----------+-------+------------+---------+ ]