[Footnote 120: In the nineteenth century more than 3½ million Germans emigrated to America and became citizens of the United States.] [Footnote 121: The great missionary explorer, discoverer of the Zambesi, the upper course of the Congo, Lake Nyassa and other Central African lakes; also founder of Nyassaland. Born 1813; died 1873, at a village south of Lake Bangweolo. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.] [Footnote 122: Sir Henry Morton Stanley, who did for the Congo what Livingstone did for the Zambesi, and further verified and added to the great discoveries already made. He made what has been called "the greatest journey in African exploration." He laid the foundations of the Congo Free State. Born 1841, died 1904.] [Footnote 123: Treitschke (_trysh´ke_), German historian and bitter enemy of Britain. Born 1834, died 1896.] [Footnote 124: Great lake of equatorial Africa, 26,000 square miles in area, discovered by Captain Speke in 1858, and circumnavigated by Stanley in 1875 and 1889.] [Footnote 125: Lake lying south-west of Victoria Nyanza, 13,000 square miles in area. Its only outlet is to the Congo.] [Footnote 126: Spelt in many British maps, Cameroons.] [Footnote 127: Fulas or Fulahs, the ruling native race in Nigeria, French Sudan, Kamerun, etc.] [Footnote 128: Near Atakpame, at the head of the railway which runs north from Lomé for a hundred miles.] CHAPTER XX. GERMANY'S VANISHING COLONIES. We now turn to German South-West Africa, which has an area of 322,450 square miles and a native population of about 80,000. The whites number nearly 15,000, of whom 12,000 are Germans. In 1884 Great Britain seized Walfish Bay, the only good harbour, and also some of the guano islands off the coast. Further, Cecil John Rhodes,[129] who had constantly urged the British Government to take over the territory, had obtained mining rights from the local chiefs. Less than fifty years ago German missionaries, in the territory then known as Damaraland, appealed to the British Government to annex the country. The appeal was rejected. In 1883 a Bremen merchant, F. A. E. Lüderitz, whose name has been given to the settlement at Lüderitz Bay, set up a trading station under the sanction and approval of Bismarck. On the strength of Lüderitz's trifling commercial claims Germany annexed the country. It is said that when Rhodes heard the news he threw the papers signed by the local chiefs into a safe and slammed the iron door, with the remark, "Let them lie there until the country is British." The extent of Germany's trading interest in her new possession may be gathered from the fact that the little steamer employed by Lüderitz was known as "The Bottle Mail," because she imported full bottles of beer for the German trader, and carried back the "empties" as exports!