[255] Hatch, "The Influence of Greek Ideas and Usages upon the Christian Church," Hibbert Lectures, 1888, 300. [256] John i. 7, 12; ix. 5; xii. 36, 46. [257] Sepp., i. 353. [258] Burnouf, op. cit., 186 sq. [259] Cf., for example, F. X. Kraus, "Geschichte d. christl. Kunst," i. 105. [260] "Hist. Rom.," i. 26. [261] Cf. Zöckler, "Das Kreuz Christi," 1875, 62 sqq.; Hochart, "Études d'histoire religieuse," 1890, chap, x., "La crucifix." [262] Aringhi, "Roma subterranea," vi. ch. 23, "De Cervo." [263] Cf. on the other hand Justin, "Apol.," i. 35. [264] Esther v. 14, vii. 10. [265] Cf. the picture of Marsyas hanging upon a tree-trunk in the collection of antiquities at Karlsruhe; also the illustrations in P. Schmidt, "Die Geschichte Jesu, erläutert," 1904. [266] Movers, op. cit., 687; Nork, "Reallexikon," ii. 122 sq.; Frazer, "Adonis, Attis, Osiris," 185 sq. [267] Rev. ii. 7, xxii. 2. [268] lxvi. 19. [269] ix. 3, 4. [270] Exod. xvii. 10 sqq. [271] For particulars see Zöckler, op. cit., 7 sqq.; also Hochart, op. cit., chap, viii., "Le symbole de la croix"; G. de Mortillet, "Le signe de la croix avant le christianisme," 1866; Mourant Brock, "La croix payenne et chrétienne," 1881; Goblet d'Alviella, "La migration des symboles," 1891. [272] Henry Petersen, "Über den Gottesdienst u. den Götterglauben des Nordens während der Heidenzeit," 1882, 39 sqq. 95 sqq. [273] Zöckler, op. cit., 21 sqq. [274] Winckler, "Die babyl. Geisteskultur," 82. [275] Tertullian, "Contra Haereses," 40. [276] Burnouf, op. cit., 240. [277] Goblet d'Alviella, op. cit., 61. sqq. Cf. also Ludw. Müller, "Det saakaldte Hagekors Anvendelse og Betydning i Oldtiden," 1877. [278] Op. cit., 296. [279] One feels the words of Revelation quoted above brought to his mind: "And madest them to be unto our God a kingdom and priests; and they reign upon the earth!" [280] "De errore profanae religionis," i. 5. [281] Op. cit., § 48. [282] "Apolog.," i. ch. 60. [283] III. 12, vii. 3 sqq., ix. 4, xiv. 1, xx. 4, xxii. 4. [284] Gal. vi. 17; Ephes. i. 13 sq. [285] Mourant Brock, op. cit., 177 sqq., 178 sqq. [286] So also in Tertullian when, with reference to the passage of Ezekiel above quoted (ix. 5), he describes the Greek letter Tau as "our [the Christians'] kind of cross" (nostra species crucis), not because it had the shape of the gibbet upon which Jesus is supposed to have died, but because it represented the seal or sign upon the inhabitants of the New Jerusalem ("Contra Marcionem," iii. 22). And when in the same work (iii. 18) he explains the horns of the "unicorn" (ox?) mentioned in the Blessing of Moses (Deut. xxxiii. 17) as the two arms of the cross, this happens only for the reason that the sign of union and uplifting and the gibbet became commingled in his fancy into the one and the same form (cf. also "Adv. Judaeos," 10, and Justin, "Dial.," 91; also Hochart, op. cit., 365-369). [287] Zöckler, op. cit., 14 sq.