imprisonment for another year; then a third, to confine them during the king’s pleasure. On the death of the king (William III.), a fresh Act extended the imprisonment during the reign of Queen Anne. During this long lapse of time repeated applications were made to Judges, but the release of the prisoners was always bitterly opposed by the law officers. Bernardi’s doctors certified that imprisonment was killing him; he suffered from fits and the constant trouble of an old wound. Nevertheless he lived on; and when in his sixty-eighth year he married, in Newgate, a second, virtuous, kind, and loving wife, who proved “a true help-meet,” supporting him by her good management, and keeping his heart from breaking in the “English Bastille.” Bernardi had ten children born in Newgate of this second wife. The imprisonment continued through the reigns of George I. and II. Frequent petitions were unheeded, and finally Bernardi died in Newgate in 1736, the last survivor, after forty years’ incarceration, and aged eighty-two. CHAPTER VI. EXECUTIONS. Reasons for legal punishments--Early forms: branding, mutilation, whipping, the pillory, and stocks--Penalties for females: the ducking-stool, branks, and scourge--Capital punishment universal--Methods of inflicting death--Awful cruelties--The English custom--Pressing to death--Major Strangways--Spiggot and Burnworth--Abolition of this punishment--Decapitation and strangulation--The guillotine and gallows--Places of execution in London: Smithfield, St. Giles, Tower Hill, Tyburn--Derivation of Tyburn--Site of Tyburn gallows--Tyburn a generic title--An execution in 1662: that of Colonel Turner--Crowds at executions--Fashionable folk attend--George Selwyn--Breakfast party at Newgate--Ribald conduct of the mob at executions--That of Earl Ferrers and of Sheppard--Demeanour of condemned: effrontery, or abject terror--Improper customs long retained--St. Giles’ Bowl--Saddler of Bawtry--Smoking at Tyburn--Spiritual attentions of Ordinary not always devoted--Amateur preachers and others assist--Richard Dove’s bequest--The hangman and his office--Resuscitation--Early cases--Sir William Petty’s operation--Tyburn procession continues--Supported by Dr. Johnson--Sheriffs suggest discontinuance--Their reasons--The front of Newgate substituted as the scene of execution.