[107] No. 45 of the ‘North Briton’ charged the king with falsehood, and was the basis of the prosecutions; 45 became in consequence a popular number with the patriots. Tradesmen called their goods “forty-five”; and snuff so styled was still sold in Fleet Street only a few years ago. Horne Tooke declares that the Prince of Wales aggravated his august father, when the latter was flogging him, by shouting “Wilkes and 45 for ever!” [108] Lords of Leet were obliged to keep up a pillory or tumbrel, on pain of forfeiture of the leet; and villages might also be compelled to provide them. [109] The last stocks in London were those of St. Clement’s Dane’s in Portugal Street, which were removed in 1826, to make way for local improvements.--Wade, ‘British Chronology.’ [110] ‘Punishments in the Olden Time,’ by William Andrews, F.R.H.S., to which I am indebted for many of my facts. [111] This was not an uncommon offence. One Mary Hamilton was married fourteen times to members of her own sex. A more inveterate, but a more natural, bigamist was a man named Miller, who was pilloried, in 1790, for having married thirty different women on purpose to plunder them. [112] The ‘Reliquary,’ edited by Llewellyn Jewitt, F.S.A. [113] On the first introduction of the treadwheel in the early decades of the present century, its use was not restricted to males, and women were often made to suffer this punishment. [114] Whipping females was not abolished till 1817. [115] ‘Ancient Law.’ [116] Bernardo Visconti, Duke of Milan, in the 14th century, made a capital punishment, or more exactly the act of killing, last for forty days. [117] Pike, ‘Hist. of Crime,’ i. 210. [118] By “Halifax law” any thief who within the precincts of the liberty stole thirteen pence could on conviction before four burghers be sentenced to death. The same law obtained at Hull, hence the particular prayer in the thieves’ Litany, which ran as follows: “From Hull, Hell, and Halifax, good Lord, deliver us.” [119] Loftie, ‘Hist. of London,’ 1883, vol. ii. 215. [120] Waller, the Tyebourne and Westbourne paper read before the London and Middlesex Archæological Society. [121] ‘History of Paddington.’ [122] See account of Courvoisier’s trial in cap. vii., vol. ii. [123] See _ante_, p. 186. [124] ‘Memorials of George Selwyn,’ I. 11. [125] The season was the summer, and on the Sunday following the execution, London was like a deserted city; hundreds of thousands went out to see him hanging in chains. [126] The negligence and perfunctory performance of duty of the ordinary, Mr. Ford, is strongly animadverted upon in the ‘Report of Commons’ Committee in 1814.’ See vol. ii. cap. 2. [127] The Rev. Paul Lorraine. [128] The Scotch Dalziels bear sable, a hanged man with his arms extended. A Spanish hidalgo has in his coat armour, a ladder with gibbet; and various implements of torture have been borne by German families of distinction.