Though the contest was not yet over, it might be said with confidence that the Church of Christ had won over the barbarians. Missionaries and martyrs had changed the face of Europe, and the fierce tribes which were pouring over the Continent in the fifth century, barbarous and heathen, were now for the most part tamed and converted to the love of Christ. Out of a land which had been wild and barbarous, and where one of the greatest of saints and missionaries had met his death, had come a revival in Christian form of the old imperial idea, and the great men who had been nourished by it had given new health to the central Church of Europe. For the moment, the Empire and the Papacy, Germany and the new temporal State in the hands of the Roman bishop, were united to lead the Christian nations and to convert the heathen on their borders. In the East remained the magnificent fabric of the immemorial Empire, active still in missionary labour and setting an example of the union of Church and State in {203} agreement to which the West could never attain. The eleventh century was to bring to East and West alike, with new responsibilities, new difficulties in action and new problems in thought. Everywhere it was for unity men strove, the unity which if in its main aspect it was political, was on its spiritual and ideal side embodied in the visible Church of Christ. [1] Dr. O. L. Wells, _The Age of Charlemayne_, p. 434. [2] See H. A. L. Fisher, _The Medieval Empire_, ii. p. 65; Hauck, _Kirchengeschichte Deutschlands_, iii. 57-9. {205} APPENDIX I LIST OF EMPERORS AND POPES, 461-1003 POPES. EMPERORS WEST EAST 457 Leo I. 461 Hilarus 461 Severus --------- 467 Anthemius 468 Simplicius 472 Olybrius 473 Glycerius 474 Julius Nepos 474 Zeno 475 Romulus Augustulus 483 Felix III. --------- 491 Anastasius I. 492 Gelasius I. 496 Anastasius II. 498 Symmachus 514 Hormisdas 518 Justin I. 523 John I. 526 Felix IV. 527 Justinian I. 530 Boniface II. 532 John II. 535 Agapetus I. 536 Silverius 537 Vigilius 555 Pelagius I. 560 John III. 565 Justin II. 574 Benedict I. 578 Pelagius II. 578 Tiberius II. 582 Maurice {206}