Aachen, 167; councils at(809), 81; (860), 190 Abasgi, a Caucasian people, converted, 95 Abbassides, dynasty of Khalifs, descendants of Muhammad's uncle Abbas, 156 Abbats, lay, 168-9, 172; in the Rule of S. Columban, 171; Cluniac, 174-5 Abbo of Fleury, Frankish chronicler, 199 Abder Rahman I., Ommeyad Khalif of Cordova (755), 146 Abyssinian Church, Monophysite, 9, 23, 111 Acacius, patriarch of Constantinople, 7, 8, 10 Acca, bishop of Hexham (709-32), 169 Adalbert, S. (Voytech), bishop of Prague, 125-6, 129 Adalwald, Lombard king, 63 Adam of Bremen, 130 Adamuan's Life of Columba, 115-16 _Adiaphorites_, 86 Adoptianist heresy, 72; in the West, 78-9, 81, 168; in the East, 79, 80, 156 Aelfeah (Alphege), bishop, 121 Aelfric, abbat of Eynsham, 121 Aethelbert, king of Kent, 183-5 Aethelred, king of England, 121 Aethelstan, king of England, 131 Aethelwold, bishop of Winchester, 119 Africa, the Church in North, 5, 17, 20, 103-10; increase of papal power, 65, 67, 69, 107-8; Eucharist, 179; survival of Christian customs to modern times, 23, 110; Vandals in, 103; reconquered by Belisarius, 105; Muhammadan conquest, 5, 108, 109 Agapetus (Agapitus), Pope, 15, 38 Agatho, Pope, 88 Agde, 146 Agilulf, Lombard king, 62, 134 Agnellus, archbishop of Ravenna, 33 Agriculture, cared for by the Benedictines, 36; by Gregory the Great, 65 Aidan, S., 116 Airulf, Lombard king, 68 Aistulf, Lombard king, 148, 149 _Akoimetai_, 8, 14, 161 _Aktistetes_, 86 Alamanni, 42, 135 Alans, Mongol barbarians, in Gaul, 41 Albagrians of the Caucasus, converted, 95 Albinus, abbat of Canterbury (d. 732), 169 Alcuin, 81, 116, 141, 152, 167-70 Aldhelm, S., of Malmesbury, 115, 171 Alexandria, Church and Patriarchate of, 8, 10, 16, 17, 24, 64, 65, 84, 87, 110; Eucharist, 179; conquered by the Arabs, 109 Alfred the Great, king of England, 32, 118 Alodaei, Soudanese people, converted, 111 Althing, Icelandic assembly, 132 Amalric, Wisigothic king in Spain, 74 _Ambo_ (pulpit), 188 Ambrosian Rite (so called from S. Ambrose, bishop of Milan, 374-97), 183 Amoeneburg (Hessen), monastery, 136 Anastasius, emperor, 7, 9, 47 Anastasius, patriarch of Antioch, 63 Anastasius, patriarch of Constantinople, (703-53), 155, 157 Anastasius of Sinai, S., 180. Andover, 121 Angarii, tribe allied with the Saxons, 140 Annegray, S. Columban's settlement at, 55 Anselm, S., archbishop of Canterbury (died 1109), 160, 171 Ansgar, S., archbishop of Hamburg, 129-30 Anthimus, patriarch of Constantinople, 15 Antioch, Church and Patriarchate of, 8, 10, 16, 17, 23, 24, 84, 87, 156; Eucharist, 179; synod at (541 or 542), 16 _Antirrhetici_ of S. Theodore the Studite, 164 _Antistes_ (bishop), 66 Antony, archbishop of Novgorod (c. 1200), 161 _Aphthartodocetes_, 21, 85 _Apocrisiarius_, papal envoy at Constantinople, 63 Aquilea, patriarch of, 21, 39 Aquitaine, 49