Church, 57; in Persia, 99; in Scotland, 119; missionary fruits of, 130; close connection with learning, 167; Alcuin's attitude to, 168; decay in ninth century, 172; revival at Cluny, 173-5; the Studium at Constantinople, 161-3; kings become monks, 77, 145 Mongols, 100 Monophysites, Monophysitism, 23, 83, 85, 110, 156, 159; Eastern attempts at compromise rejected by Rome, 7-8; Justinian studies the question, 10-11, and condemns it, 15; its condemnation necessary to the acceptance of a logically tenable creed, 19; Monophysite missions, 24, 111; Monophysitism in Abyssinia, 112; Arabia, 101; Armenia, 95; India, 97; Persia, 98-9; Syria, 101 Monothelites, Monothelitism, 22-3, 84-9, 159; its condemnation necessary, 19; favoured the progress of Islam, 102; weakened African Christianity, 108 Montanists, heretical followers of the second-century fanatic Montanus, 178 Monte Cassino, monastery, 35, 39, 61, 145 Monza, Lombard relics at, 69 Moors, heathen, of fifth century, 103; Muhammadan, in Spain and Gaul, 73, 146 _Moralia_ of Gregory the Great, 63 Moravia, 124, 127-9 Mosaics at Constantinople and Ravenna, 26 Mozarabic rite, Christian liturgy which survived the Moorish occupation and is still in use in Spain, 189 Mugurrah (Nubia), visited by missionaries, 111 Muhammad (Mohammed), the prophet, 101 Muhammad II., conqueror of Constantinople in 1453, 27 Muhammadans, Muhammadanism, theocratic ideal of, 139-40; absorb the attention of the Eastern emperors, 143; contributes to the iconoclastic movement, 158; conquests, 84; conquest of Arabia, etc., 112; Merv, 98; Persia, 99; Syria, 101; Egypt, 102; Africa, 5, 108-9; Soudan, 111; Spain, 72-3, 77-8, 146; defeated in Gaul by Charles Martel, 146