One of the early outlines of urban geography. (III, 2, 3, 4, 6.) ——. “Über Aufgaben der Städtekunde,” _Petermann’s Mitteilungen_, LVI (Part II, 1910), 289–94. (III.) Jefferson, M. “Anthropography of Some Great Cities: A Study in Distribution of Population.” _Bull. Amer. Geog. Soc._, XLI (1909), 537–66. Argues the need for a geographical definition of the city and suggests one based on density of population. (I, 3, 4; III; VII, 2.) Schrader, F. “The Growth of the Industrial City,” _Scott. Geog. Mag._, XXXIII (1917), 348–52. An extensive review of an article by Professor Schrader printed in _Annales de Géographie_, January, 1917. A statement of the forces responsible for the emergence of the geographical entity “the city,” especially of the industrial city. (I, 4; III, 2, 3, 4; IV, 1, 6; V, 5; VII, 1.) Smith, J. Russell. “The Elements of Geography and the Geographic Unit,” _School and Society_, Vol. XVII, No. 441. (III, 2, 3, 4.) 2. The rise of the city introduced an entirely novel element into the historical process. As a result we find the historians among the first to study this phenomenon of human aggregation which culminated in the city. The historian is mainly interested in tracing the development of this new form of social life from the standpoint of structure and formal organization. The origin of the city has been traced, the ancient cities have been described, the Greek city-state, Rome, the rise of the medieval city, and its transformation into the modern city have found an important place in historical literature. The earlier studies are mainly political in nature. Only recently have historians devoted themselves to describing the new modes of life to which the city gave rise, and the interrelations between city and country. The city has been regarded chiefly as a political unit. The name “city” was given to a settlement because it had achieved a certain degree of political autonomy from the central government, or as an honorary title conferred for service rendered to a superior political entity, or, finally, as a result of incorporation or legal enactment. Bücher, Karl. “Die Grossstädte in Gegenwart und Vergangenheit,” in the volume, _Die Grossstadt_, edited by Th. Petermann, Dresden, 1903. (I, 4; II; III; IV.) Cunningham, William. _Western Civilization_ (Cambridge, 1898–1900). Has many references to the changing historical conceptions of the city. (I, 4; II. 2, 3.) _The Encyclopedia Americana_, 1918 edition, Vol. VI, article, “City.” (II; IV, 3.) _The Encyclopedia Brittanica_, 1911 edition, article, “City.” (II; IV, 3.) Schäfer, D. “Die politische und militärische Bedeutung der Grossstädte,” in the volume _Die Grossstadt_, edited by Th. Petermann, Dresden, 1903.