5. The town, the city, and the metropolis are genetically related concepts which represent three successive stages of an ever widening zone of interrelationships and influences. The town represents a local aggregation which is intimately bound up with a rather narrow surrounding rural periphery. It is the product of limited means of communication and constitutes a more or less self-sustaining economic unit. The city is a more highly specialized unit and, as a result, is a part of a wider interrelated area, while the metropolis tends to become a cosmopolitan unit based upon a relatively high degree of development of the means of communication. The differences between these three urban types is not only expressed in terms of number of inhabitants and area of occupation, but also in social organization and in attitudes. There is a tendency to divide the United States up into provinces according to the zone of influence of the greater metropolitan units dominating the surrounding territory and dependent upon it. Cottrell, E. A. “Limited Town-Meetings in Massachusetts,” _Nat. Mun. Rev._, II (July, 1918), 433–34. While dealing primarily with an administrative problem, points out one of the essential differences between town and city. (V, 3; VI, 7; IX, 3.) Febvre, Lucien. _A Geographical Introduction to History._ Translated by E. G. Mountsford and T. H. Paxton (New York, 1925). Contains a clear statement of the problems of human geography. Part III, chap. iii, on towns is suggestive. (I, 1; II; III.) Gide, Charles. “L’habitation hors la ville,” _Revue Economique Internationale_ (January, 1925), 141–57. Gilbert, Bernard. _Old England: A God’s-Eye-View of a Village_ (Boston, 1922). A cross-section of village life and economy. Gras, Norman S. B. “The Development of Metropolitan Economy in Europe and America,” _Amer. Hist. Rev._, XXVII (1921–22), 695–708. Differentiates clearly between manorial, village, town, city, and metropolitan economy. (I, 4; II; III, 1; IV, 1, 2, 6; X, 1, 2.) Lasker, B. “Unwalled Towns,” _Survey_, XLIII (March 6, 1920), 675–80. Lohman, K. B. “Small Town Problems,” _Amer. City_, XXIII (July, 1920), 81. Maine, Sir H. S. _Village Communities in the East and West_ (7th ed.; London, 1913). The most authoritative English study of the village. (II, 1, 2; III, 1; IV, 3; VI, 7; X, 2.) McVey, Frank L. _The Making of a Town_ (Chicago, 1913). (IV, 1, 2, 3; V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 1.) Shine, Mary L. “Urban Land in the Middle Ages,” in volume, _Urban Land Economics_, Institute for Research in Land Economics (Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1922). Shows the transition from town to city life. Contains valuable collection of material on the medieval city. (I, 2, 4; II, 2, 3; III; V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 2, 5; IX, 1; X, 1, 2.)