In this article, as well as in his later works (for instance, _Housing Reform_ (New York, 1910)), the writer, who has been regarded as one of the foremost housing students in America, outlines some of the social consequences of bad housing in the modern city and questions the adequacy of democratic form of government in the slum areas. (V; IX, 3.) VII. THE GROWTH OF THE CITY The growth of the city has been described as the outstanding characteristic of modern civilization. The sociologist is interested in the processes underlying this phenomenon. 1. One of the most obvious phases of this growth is the addition in numbers and the expansion in area of the city. This has been accurately measured by the statisticians and geographers. The typical process of expansion is from the core of the city outward toward the periphery. While ample materials for such studies of processes exist, their interpretation and analysis is yet to be undertaken. In the process of growth the city tends to become empty, as concerns habitations, at the center. This phenomenon is referred to as “city-building.” Ballard, W. J. “Our Twenty-nine Largest Cities, _Jour. Educ._, XXCIII (April 27, 1916), 468. Bassett, E. M. “Distribution of Population in Cities,” _American City_, XIII (July, 1915), 7–8. Bernhard, H. “Die Entvölkerung des Landes,” _Deutsche Rundschau für Geog._, XXXVII (1914–15), 563–67. Of twenty-one countries examined, all showed an increase in urban population between 1880–1910, in most cases far exceeding the natural increase in population, and a decrease in percentage of rural population. (VII, 3; VIII, 1; X, 2.) Brown, Robert M. “City Growth and City Advertising” (Abstract of paper read at 1921 Conference of American Geographers), _Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geog._, XII (1922), 155. A discussion of the causes of growth of American cities with an analysis of the one hundred cities showing the largest gains since 1910. Classification as to type of advertising campaigns used. Bushee, F. A. “The Growth of Population of Boston,” _Pub. Amer. Statistical Assoc._, VI (1899), 239–74. (VIII, 3.) _City-Building: A Citation of Methods in Use in More Than One Hundred Cities for the Solution of Important Problems in the Progressive Growth of the American Municipality_ (Cincinnati, 1913). (V, 4, 5; VI; VII, 5.) “City Growth by Dead Reckoning,” _Literary Digest_, XXCII (August 9, 1924), 12. Fawcett, C. B. “British Conurbations in 1921,” _Sociol. Rev._, XIV (April, 1922), 111–22. Feather, W. A. “Cities That Make Good,” _Forum_, LVII (May, 1917), 623–28. Gregory, W. M. “Growth of the Cities of Washington,” _Jour. Geog._, XIV (May, 1916), 348–53. (VII, 3.) “How Big Should a City Be?” _Literary Digest_, LI (August 28, 1915), 399–400.