1. The ancient city was regarded as a parasitic growth. It dominated the country by skill and by force, but contributed little to its welfare. The modern city, too, is often regarded as a superfluous burden which the rural sections are carrying. This view of the matter is fast passing away, however, as the city extends its influence, not by force, but by fulfilling a set of functions upon which the rural population has become dependent. The economists have been especially concerned with the antagonistic interests which the city and the country have presented. These antagonisms have come to play a political rôle which influences local, national, and international affairs. Bookwalter, J. W. _Rural Versus Urban; Their Conflict and Its Causes: A Study of the Conditions Affecting Their Natural and Artificial Relation_ (New York, 1911). (X, 2.) Damaschke, Adolf. _Die Bodenreform: Grundsätzliches und Geschichtliches zur Erkenntnis der sozialen Not_ (19th ed.; Jena, 1922). (VI, 10.) Reibmayr, A. “Die wichtigsten biologischen Ursachen der heutigen Landflucht,” _Arch. für Rass. und Gesellsch. Biol._, VII (1911), 349–76. Decrease in rural population of Germany. Shows also unfavorable effects of alcohol, venereal disease, and other factors on population of city, and the effects of the city on the country. (VII, 2, 5; VIII, 1.) Ross, E. A. “Folk Depletion as a Cause of Rural Decline,” _Publ. Amer. Sociol. Soc._, XI (1917), 21–30. (VII, 3; VIII, 1, 3; X, 2.) Roxby, P. M. _Rural Depopulation in England During the Nineteenth Century and After_, LXXI (1912), 174–90. (VIII, 3.) “Rural Depopulation in Germany,” _Scient. Amer. Suppl._, LXVIII (1908), 243. (VII, 3.) Smith, J. Russell. _North America: Its People and Resources, Development, and the Prospects of the Continent as an Agricultural, Industrial, and Commercial Area_ (New York, 1925). One of the best geographical discussions of the relation between country and city. (I, 1, 4; III, 2, 3, 4.) Vandervelde, E. _L’exode rural et le retour aux champs_ (Paris, 1903). (VIII, 3.) Waltemath. “Der Kampf gegen die Landflucht und die Slawisierung des platten Landes,” _Archiv für Innere Kolonisation_, IX (1916–18), 12. 2. As a result of city life new forms of social organization have been developed which are foreign to the country. The family, the neighborhood, the community, the state have become transformed by city needs into new institutions with a different organization and with a different set of functions. The social processes that characterize rural life do not apply in the city. A new moral order has developed which is fast breaking down the precedents of an earlier epoch of civilization.