[418] Onomasticon, s.v. _Golgotha_; Bordeaux Pilgrim; St. Silvia (385 A. D.). [419] Eusebius, “Life of Constant.,” iii. 34–9; Willis, “Ch. of Holy Sep.,” 1849; de Vogüé, “Églises de la Terre Sainte,” 1860; Prof. Hayter Lewis, “Holy Places of Jer.,” 1888. [420] “Catech. Lect.,” xix. 1-xxi. 4. See Tertullian, “In Prax.,” 26, “De Corona,” 3. [421] “Primitiva et ecclesiarum mater sancta Sion,” “Will. Tyre.,” xv. 4; Eucherius (_c._ 427–40 A. D.), “Ut fertur ab apostolis fundata”; Theodorus (_c._ 530 A. D.), “Mater omnium ecclesiarum.” [422] See back, pp. 14–17. [423] Ammianus Marcellinus, xxiii. 1; Julian, “Epist.,” xxix., xxx.; Greg. Nazianzen, “Orat.,” iv. [424] Antoninus Martyr (_c._ 570 A. D.), “The [east] gate of the city which adjoins what was once the Beautiful Gate of the Temple, the thresholds and posts of which still stand.” See Prof. Hayter Lewis, “Holy Places of Jerusalem,” 1888, p. 94. This statement may be explained by the conclusion reached by de Vogüé (“Temple de Jérusalem,” chap. v.) that remains of an earlier gate are traceable at the Golden Gate. [425] See back, p. 91; Bliss, “Excav. at Jer.,” 1898, pp. 9–128. [426] Ant. Mart., xxv. Theodorus (530 A. D.) places the site outside the “Galilee Gate.” He also says that Siloam “is within the wall.” [427] John ix. 11. [428] Nâṣr-i-Khosrau, 1047 A. D. [429] See back, p. 200. [430] Ant. Mart., xxiv. [431] The great corner tower on south-west seems to be that at the present Protestant Cemetery. The other chapels may be the House of Caiaphas, the Church of St. Giles (near the Causeway), and that of the Spasm in the Via Dolorosa. [432] The arched cornices at the Double and Golden Gates are attributed by de Vogüé to about the sixth century. The different style of the interior gate-house at the latter gate, and of the Byzantine pillars in the Aḳṣa, may be explained by the work having been begun by the Patriarch Elias, and finished by Justinian in a style more like that in use at Byzantium. [433] “De Ædificiis Justiniani,” v. 6; Antoninus Mart., xxiii. [434] Robinson, “Bib. Res.,” i. pp. 296, 384. [435] Prof. Hayter Lewis, “Holy Places of Jer.,” 1888, pp. 74–9. [436] The suggestion that the Bethlehem basilica is later than Constantine’s age seems to be only true in part. Much of the building is undoubtedly later. The mosaics date only from the twelfth century, and the roof of the transept from 1482. But the pillars of the basilica appear to be of Constantine’s age, and to be still _in situ_ (see “Mem. West Pal. Survey,” 1883, vol. iii. p. 85). [437] See back, p. 119. [438] Theodorus (_c._ 530 A. D.), “Pretorium Pilati ... ibi est ecclesia Sanctæ Sophiæ”; Antoninus Mart., xxiii. [439] Cyril of Scythopolis, “Vita Sabæ.” [440] Ḳorân, xxx. 1. [441] See Robinson, “Bib. Res.,” i. p. 387.