Pompey attacked on the north, and, having broken in, besieged the Antonia citadel, partly filling in the fosse. Banks were raised, and battering-rams and catapults from Tyre battered the wall. On the fatal day of the fast or 27th of the 3rd month of the year 63 B. C. the Temple fell. But Pompey--unlike the rapacious Crassus, who plundered its riches in 55 B. C., when on his way to meet his fate in Parthia--refrained from pillaging it, though he entered the Holy of Holies, and saw in the holy place, the golden table, golden altar, and seven-branched lamp, with many other treasures. Jerusalem was made tributary to Rome; Hyrcanus was set up in the stead of Aristobulus as high-priest; and five local councils were established in Palestine under Gabinius, one of these being in the Holy City. FOOTNOTES TO CHAPTER V [174] The _Keft_ people, represented in an Egyptian tomb, were Phœnicians, according to the bilingual “Decree of Canopus,” and not Cretans. Their art is identical with that of Phœnicians, clearly of Semitic race in another painting. They were connected with islanders who were probably the inhabitants of Cyprus. The _Pûrstau_ of a picture of the time of Rameses III. (about 1200 B. C.) have no connection with the Philistines, who came from Cappadocia, according to the LXX. The frescoes and tablets of the palace of Knossos in Crete are probably not older than about 500 (not 1500) B. C., and the “geometrical” pottery appears to be Phœnician. The evidence of the Amarna tablets, and of the Bible alike, shows that the Philistines were a Semitic race akin to the Babylonians. It is to be preferred to the fancies of Tacitus, who thought that the Jews must have come from Crete (“Hist.,” v. ii.), because the words _Idæi_ (people of Mount Ida) and _Ioudaioi_ (Jews) were similar. The Ionians are not noticed in any of the Amarna tablets. [175] See Josephus (“Ant.,” XI. viii. 5). The high-priest’s name in 332 B. C. was Jaddua (Neh. xii. 22; “Ant.,” XI. vii. 2). The later rabbis incorrectly suppose him to have been Simon the Just (Tal. Bab., _Yoma_, 69, _a_; _Megillah Taanith_, ch. ix.). [176] Josephus, “Ant.,” XII. i. 1. Ptolemy I. reigned from 323 to 285 B. C. [177] “Ant.,” XII. ii. 1–15. Ptolemy II., 285–47 B. C. [178] “Ant.,” XII. iii. 3, 4. [179] _Ibid._, XII. iv. 1. [180] 1 Macc. i. 14. [181] “Ant.,” XII. iv. 6, 11. Seleucus IV., 187–75 B. C. [182] For full details and photographic views, with one of the Aramaic inscription, see my report in “Mem. East Pal. Survey,” 1889, pp. 65–87. [183] “Ant.,” XII. v. 3, 4. [184] Herodotus, ii. 47, 48. [185] See “Ant.,” XII. v. 4, ix. 3, xi. 1, 2, XIII. v. 11, vi. 7, XV. xi. 4; “Wars,” I. ii. 2, iii. 2; 1 Macc. i. 33, x. 9, xi. 41, 51, xii. 36, xiii. 52, xiv. 36, 37. [186] For instance, Dr. G. A. Smith, “Jerusalem,” 1908, i. p. 155, ii. p. 448, though he only follows earlier writers, with no more than an occasional passing allusion to the facts due to exploration.