Numerous Rājpūt states copied the imperial coinage in their local mints, Jaipūr (opened about 1742), Bīkāner, Jodhpūr, and many others; but in the nineteenth century the names of the ruling chiefs were substituted for that of the titular emperor. Silver and gold were struck in the emperor’s name by the Niz̤āms of Ḥaidarābād, who were content to distinguish their several issues by the addition of their initials (Pl. XII, 4) until 1857, after which the full name of the Niz̤ām took the place of the emperor’s. The Rohillas during the period of their ascendancy had a group of mints in Rohilkhand, the chief of which were Najībābād, Murādābād, Barelī and Sahāranpūr. The copper coinage of these independent states is excessively crude, and the practice of striking to local standards, which began under the later Mug̱ẖals, now became general. The copper mints were probably entirely in private hands. Here it will be convenient to deal with a coinage, which, though partially of Mug̱ẖal lineage in other respects, stands by itself. The reign of Tīpū Sult̤ān of Mysore, though lasting only sixteen years (1782-99), was productive of one of the most remarkable individual coinages in the history of India, comparable in many ways to that of Muḥammad bin Tug̱ẖlaq. His father, Ḥaidar ’Alī, as we have already seen (Chap. VI), struck pagodas and fanams. Tīpū continued to strike both these, retaining the initial “hē” of Ḥaidar’s name, but adding a mint name on the obverse or reverse (Pl. VI, 10). In addition, he coined muhars and half muhars, in silver the double and full rupee, with its half, quarter, eighth, sixteenth and thirty-second parts, and in copper pieces of 40, 20,[70] 10, 5 and 2½ cash. The 40-cash piece weighed 340 grains. To each of these coins, following perhaps the example of Jahāngīr, he gave a special name. The pagoda, equal to the quarter of a muhar, he called, for instance, _Fārūqī_; the double rupee, _Ḥaidarī_; the rupee, _Aḥmadī_; the 20-cash piece, _Zohra_; and so on. The Persian inscriptions on gold and silver are religious in character, that on the rupee runs as follows: obverse, _The religion of Aḥmad_ (_i.e._ _Islām) is illumined in the world by the victory of Ḥaidar, struck at Nagar, the cyclic year Dalv, the Hijrī year 1200_; reverse, _He is the Sultan, the unique, the just; the third of Bahārī, the year Dalv, the regnal year 4_. For his copper coins Tīpū adopted the elephant device of the Wodeyar kings of Mysore (1578-1733), and the animal appears in various attitudes on the obverse, sometimes to right, sometimes to left, with trunk raised, and with trunk lowered. On the 40-cash pieces he carries a flag. The reverse gives the mint and, later in the reign, the distinctive name of the coin also (Pl. XII, 5). [70] The 20-cash piece had been struck by Ḥaidar ’Alī in the last two years of his reign, A.H. 1195-96. Cf. J. R. Henderson, _The Coins of Ḥaidar ’Alī and Tīpū Sultān_, Madras, 1921, p. 5.