NIDERVILLER. Established about 1760 by Baron de Beyerlé. After successfully carrying on this branch for several years, he attempted hard porcelain in 1768, and procured potters and artists from Saxony. Three or four years before his death, which happened in 1784, the estate was bought by General de Custine. This new proprietor continued the _fabrique_, under the direction of M. Lanfray, who paid especial attention to the production of fine porcelain; the fabrication of statuettes was greatly increased. [Illustration: ORLEANS FIG. 215.--BOWL, COVER, AND STAND. _Mark, heraldic label in blue._] [Illustration: FIG. 216.--MILK-POT AND COVER. _Mark, double C under coronet, in blue._ Height 6-1/2 in.] After the decapitation of the unfortunate de Custine, his estates, being forfeited to the Republic, were sold on the 25 Germinal, An X (1802), to M. Lanfray, and carried on by him until his death in 1827, when the manufactory was sold to L. G. Dryander, of Saarbrücken. For many years he continued to make porcelain, as well as fayence groups and statuettes, but the distance of his _fabrique_ from the kaolin of St. Yrieix prevented him from competing successfully with those of Limoges, and this branch was abandoned. BOISSETTE, near Melun. A factory was established in 1777 by Jacques Vermonet père et fils, but it lasted only a short time. [Illustration: FIG. 217.--TEAPOT.] CAEN, Normandy. Established and supported by some of the principal inhabitants, at the time of the French Revolution (about 1793), when several workmen from Sèvres came to join it. It was carried on for a few years, but no market being found for the ware, the factory was discontinued at the commencement of the last century. It is hard paste, and equal to that of Sèvres, and of the same forms. [Illustration: FIG. 218.--CUP AND SAUCER. _With "Caen" stencilled in red._] VALENCIENNES (Nord). By an Order of Council, dated 24th May 1785, M. Fauquet was permitted to carry on a manufacture of porcelain at Valenciennes. He was originally established at St. Amand in the manufacture of fayence as early as 1775, and probably carried on both works simultaneously. [Illustration: FIG. 219.--CUP AND SAUCER. _Mark, F. L. V., in cipher, in blue._ Diam. 3-3/4 and 6-1/4 in.] ST. AMAND-LES-EAUX. Founded by M. Maximilien de Bettignies in 1815, for the manufacture of _pâte tendre_ porcelain like the old Sèvres. He was formerly proprietor of the Tournai manufactory, which he ceded to his brother Henri when that city became re-annexed to Belgium. STRASSBURG. About the year 1752, Paul Hannong obtained the secret of true porcelain from Ringler, and started a factory here, but in consequence of the monopoly of Sèvres he was compelled to relinquish it, and in 1753 removed to Frankenthal, where he greatly flourished under the protection of the Elector Palatine Carl Theodore. [Illustration: Fig. 220.--CUP AND SAUCER. _Mark, J. H._ Diam. 2-5/8 and 5-5/8 in.]