_In College_: (1) In Grammar, the _Barbarismus_ of Donatus; (2) in Arithmetic, the _Computus_, _i. e._ the method of finding Easter, with the _Tractatus de Sphaera_ of Joannes de Sacrobosco; (3) in Logic, the _Isagoge_ of Porphyry, and Aristotle’s _Sophistici Elenchi_. _In the Public Schools_: The whole _Organon_ of Aristotle, the _Sex Principia_ of Gilbert de la Poirée, and the logical writings of Boethius (except _Topics_, Book IV.). Thus during the first four years of his course our undergraduate was occupied mainly with Logic, at first in College, afterwards at the more formal lectures of the Regents in the public schools of the University. This programme would represent a very dry and severe course of study to the modern Honour-man, while it would be simply appalling to the modern Pass-man. The latter will, however, learn with relief that in Oxford (unlike other mediæval Universities) it would appear doubtful whether there was any actual examination for the B.A. degree. Then as now, indeed, the student had to “respond _de quaestione_”; but in the course of his fourth year he would be admitted, as a matter of course, “to lecture upon a book of Aristotle.” After this he was commonly styled a Bachelor, though he did not become one in strictness till he had gone through a disputation called “Determination.” This ordeal had to be passed to the satisfaction of the other Bachelors. How glad would be the modern examinee to throw himself upon the mercy of his fellows! Before being admitted to determine, the student had indeed to appear before the examiners of Determinants, but it is not certain that these examiners did more than satisfy themselves by the oaths and certificates of the candidates that they had heard the required books: and it is quite clear that when once Determination was passed, no further examination stood between him and the M.A. degree. The mediæval student was not, however, supposed to have completed his education when he had become a Bachelor. To the four years of residence required for a B.A., three more must be added for the Mastership. During this time he attended lectures in “the Seven Arts” and “the three Philosophies.” In the Arts his text-books were[153]:--In Grammar, Priscian; in Rhetoric, Aristotle or Boethius[154]; in Logic, Aristotle; in Arithmetic, Boethius; in Music, Boethius; in Geometry, Euclid; and in Astronomy, Ptolemy. Most of the Arts were however very quickly and perfunctorily disposed of. His real work as a Bachelor lay with the three philosophies, studied exclusively in the Latin translation of Aristotle, the following being the “necessary books”:--In Natural Philosophy, the _Physics_, or _De Anima_, or some other of the Physical treatises; in Moral Philosophy, the _Ethics_; and in Metaphysical Philosophy, the _Metaphysics_.