Spaniards, conquest of Mexico and Peru, 8, 11; treatment of Indians, 17; early American discoveries, 23, 24; the bull of partition, 24, 36; fishermen at Newfoundland, 25, 37; exploration of American interior, 27-31; their American colonies, 26, 31, 32, 88; character of those colonies, 42, 43; conflicts with France, 32, 34, 93, 94; influence on English court, 36; conflicts with English, 38, 39, 237, 239-241, 244; war with Holland, 196; the Armada, 40; their colonial policy, 47, 48; over-population in Spain, 50; causes of failure of North American colonies, 42-44; trade with New England, 185; conflicts with Georgia, 259-262, 278. St. Augustine, Fla., founded, 32, 34, 94; in Oglethorpe's campaign, 259, 261. St. Christopher, Leeward Islands, 237, 238. St. John's, Newfoundland, early fisheries at, 37. St. Lawrence River, gateway to continental interior, 4, 248; explored by Cartier, 32; by Champlain, 35, 36; French claims on, 43, 255, 256; settlements on, 246, 249, 250, 253. St. Lucia, Windward Islands, 237. St. Mary's, Md., founded, 82, 83; as the capital, 84, 87, 98. St. Vincent, in Windward Islands, 237. Stamford, Conn., founded, 145. Stoughton, William, lieutenant-governor of Massachusetts, 181; in witchcraft trials, 191. Stuyvesant, Peter, governor of New Netherlands, 163, 200, 201, 202, 203, 209. Suffrage in judicial elections, 59; general qualifications, 61, 62; in Maryland, 86; in New Jersey, 213, 214; in New Netherlands, 200; in New York, 204, 205; in Connecticut, 143; in Massachusetts, 128, 167, 173, 176; in New England generally, 193. "Susan Constant," the, carries colonists to Virginia, 69. Swedes, colonial policy of the, 51; career of New Sweden, 201, 202, 208, 209; in Pennsylvania and Delaware, 208-210, 215, 217, 221, 222; in New Jersey, 211, 221. Swiss, in North Carolina, 97. Tarratine Indians, uprising in Maine, 188. Tennessee, character of early settlers, 269, 283. Texas, early Spanish exploration of, 28. Tinicum, island of, seat of Swedish government in America, 208, 215. Tobago, Windward Islands, 237. Town, the, in England, 55; in New England, 57, 62, 139, 140, 192, 193; in the middle colonies, 57, 204, 216. Trenton, N. J., characteristics, 228. Trinidad, Windward Islands, 237. Tuscarora Indians, join the Five Nations, 11. Underhill, John, in Pequod War, 137. Union, schemes for colonial, New England Confederation, 155-158; first colonial congress, 80, 206, 270; governmental plans, 267, 270; second congress, 270, 271. Usselinx, Willem, founds South Company of Sweden, 208. Utah, aborigines of, 12. Utrecht, treaty of, 241-243, 255, 256. Vaca, Cabeza de, in Narvaez's expedition, 28, 29. Vane, Sir Henry, governor of Massachusetts, 129, 134, 135. Van Rensselaer family, 199, 223.