After the close of West's first term (1683) there was some turbulence, and within the following seven years a succession of unsatisfactory governors. Sothel (1690) was driven out by the Southern colonists in 1691, as he had been by the Northern (page 93, § 38), and Philip Ludwell came on from Virginia to assume control. The proprietaries had at last changed their policy, and determined to rule both Carolinas, as one province, Ludwell being the first governor (1691) of the united colonies. He was weak, however, and unable to restore order and public confidence. Under his successor, Thomas Smith, the assembly was granted a share in initiating legislation. Sidenote: The century closes with improved conditions. It was not until John Archdale, a sound-headed and conservative Quaker, himself one of the proprietaries, came out (1695) as governor that the colonists ceased their bickerings and the province settled down into a condition of peace and good order. Joseph Blake, Archdale's nephew, succeeded him (1696). Under Blake's benign rule the century closed in the Carolinas with a better popular feeling towards the Huguenots, complete religious toleration to all Christians except Catholics, and a marked increase in the material prosperity of the settlers. The Carolinas, which had been planted sixty years later than Virginia, were in 1700 still feeble; and it was half a century before they began to be important colonies. The chief interest of the Carolinas in the development of America is the failure of the proprietors to stem or to deflect the tide of local government. Nowhere does the innate determination of the Anglo-Saxon to control his own political destiny more strikingly appear than in the contentions of the Carolinians with their rulers in England. CHAPTER V. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN THE SOUTH IN 1700. 39. References. Bibliographies.--Same as § 27, above. General Accounts.--Doyle, _Colonies_, I. ch. xiii.; Cooke, _Virginia_, ch. xxiv. Special Histories.--Eggleston, _Beginners of a Nation_; Bruce, _Social Life of Virginia_, and _Economic History of Virginia_; S. Fisher, _Men, Women, and Manners in Colonial Times_, I. ch. i.; T. Page, _Old Dominion_, ch. iii.; A. Earle, _Colonial Dames and Good Wives_, and _Home Life in Colonial Days_; M. Goodwin, _Colonial Cavalier_; A. Wharton, _Colonial Days and Dames_; Hall, _Lords Baltimore_, lecture vi.; Channing, _Town and County Government_; J. Ballagh, _Slavery in Virginia_; S. Weeks, _Quakers_; G. Bernheim, _German Settlements_; many publications in _Johns Hopkins University Studies_. See also, biographies of prominent men. Contemporary Accounts.--W. Hening, _Statutes_; narratives enumerated in § 27, above. Reprints in _American History told by Contemporaries_, I. chs. ix., xiii.; publications of historical societies and commissions. 40. Land and People in the South.